{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:53:37Z","timestamp":1781535217172,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Only few studies have examined whether testosterone levels are involved in parenting behaviors other than sensitivity and nurturing behavior. This preregistered study examined associations between fathers\u2019 hair testosterone levels, challenging parenting behavior (CPB), and protective parenting. Seventy first\u2010time partnered fathers with a healthy\u2010born infant (\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 6.70 months, SD = 2.16) visited our research center for hormonal and behavioral assessments. Hair samples were collected to measure testosterone concentrations over the past month. CPB was observed during father\u2013infant free play interaction and coded for the extent to which fathers verbally and physically challenged their infants to act outside their comfort zone. Paternal sensitivity was independently rated and analyzed exploratively. Protective parenting behavior was observed during the auditory startling task, which involved exposing the dyads to a short, unexpected loud sound. No significant correlations between fathers\u2019 hair testosterone levels, CPB, and protective parenting emerged. Exploratory analyses (not preregistered) showed that fathers with lower testosterone levels were more sensitive. Future studies with larger and more diverse samples may benefit from incorporating multiple testosterone indices (e.g., hair, diurnal, and reactivity measures) to examine whether these indices are differentially related to CPB and protective parenting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:55:50Z","timestamp":1778579750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testosterone Levels, Challenging Parenting Behavior, and Protective Parenting Behavior: A Correlational Study Among First\u2010Time Fathers in the First Year of Fatherhood"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Annemieke M.","family":"Witte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Child &amp; Family Studies VU Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William James Center for Research Ispa\u2013Instituto Universit\u00e1rio  Lisboa Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirjana","family":"Majdand\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Child Development and Education University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinus H.","family":"van IJzendoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda y Humanidades Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n  Valdivia Chile"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Monash University  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian J.","family":"Bakermans\u2010Kranenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William James Center for Research Ispa\u2013Instituto Universit\u00e1rio  Lisboa Portugal"},{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda y Humanidades Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n  Valdivia Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.22149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"99","volume-title":"The Integration of a Child Into a Social World","author":"Ainsworth M. 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