{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T09:48:01Z","timestamp":1791798481086,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in social communication and the presence of restricted, repetitive behaviors. While genetic factors contribute substantially to ASD etiology, growing evidence highlights the role of environmental and epigenetic factors, with maternal stress during pregnancy emerging as a potential determinant of fetal brain development. Prenatal stress may alter the intrauterine environment through modulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis and changes in glucocorticoid signaling. These physiological responses have been associated with epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone post\u2010translational modifications, and alterations in non\u2010coding RNA expression although causal pathways remain under investigation. Consequently, gene expression programs critical for neuronal proliferation, migration, synaptogenesis, and stress\u2013response maturation are reshaped. Converging evidence from human cohorts and animal models indicates that these stress\u2010induced epigenetic changes affect genes such as\n                    <jats:italic>NR3C1, FKBP5, BDNF, OXTR<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>SHANK3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , contributing to altered stress response, impaired synaptic plasticity, and disrupted neural connectivity. Foundational studies before\u00a02020 established the basic mechanistic link between prenatal stress, glucocorticoid exposure, and epigenetic gene regulation, forming a basis for the 2020\u20132025 literature summarized here. This narrative review synthesizes research published between 2020 and 2025, integrating molecular, epidemiological, and neurodevelopmental perspectives to elucidate how prenatal stress induces lasting neurobiological changes, thereby advancing the conceptual framework for early detection and intervention in ASD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:51:11Z","timestamp":1781675471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking Maternal Stress During Pregnancy to Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Konstantina","family":"Kelaidoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Ioannina  Ioannina Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos M.","family":"Kotsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine University of Ioannina  Ioannina Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571\u2010025\u201001549\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.668577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390\u2010021\u201001574\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1039221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2023.106930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2024.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rev0000361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148\u2010024\u201001635\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2020.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010023\u201002620\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0186\u201023.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.23003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/epi\u20102021\u20100494"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54053\/001c.94706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvaf024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.714214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15080846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380\u2010022\u201001898\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1182345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159549"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115964"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2025.1497740"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2022.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25168657221082045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035\u2010023\u201003348\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010021\u201001212\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031\u2010024\u201002258\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064\u2010025\u201004455\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36255\/exonpublications.autismspectrumdisorders.2021.etiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101830"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010020\u201004792\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/enr\u20102021\u20100025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010pharmtox\u2010030220\u2010022920"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyac048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13091412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbii.2025.100108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsgos.2025.100535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154396"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010020\u20100699\u20108"}],"container-title":["Developmental 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