{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:52:13Z","timestamp":1791265933010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100023581","name":"National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGE\u20102034835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE\u20102034835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100023581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common and often debilitating condition characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms that significantly impact well\u2010being. Research suggests that childhood trauma is associated with heightened PMS symptoms, yet the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear. Alexithymia\u2014a trait marked by difficulties in identifying and expressing emotions\u2014may serve as a key psychological pathway linking childhood trauma to PMS, but this role for alexithymia has not yet been well characterized. Using cross\u2010sectional data from\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0117 women, we assessed childhood trauma exposure (six\u2010item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale\u201020), and premenstrual symptoms (Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire). We used mediation analysis to test a proposed causal pathway between childhood trauma, alexithymia, and PMS that can be validated in future studies with longitudinal designs. Childhood trauma predicted higher alexithymia scores (\n                    <jats:italic>Betas<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.24,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.009), which in turn predicted increased PMS symptoms (\n                    <jats:italic>Betas<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.40,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). We further found evidence for a significant indirect effect of childhood trauma on PMS through alexithymia (\n                    <jats:italic>Betas<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u00a00.10, SE\u00a0=\u00a00.05, 95% CI [0.003, 0.20]). These findings highlight alexithymia as a critical factor in the link between childhood trauma and PMS, suggesting that difficulties in emotion processing may exacerbate premenstrual symptom severity. Addressing alexithymia in clinical interventions may improve PMS management, particularly in individuals with trauma histories. Future research should further investigate these associations longitudinally and assess targeted interventions for PMS that address alexithymia in individuals with a history of childhood trauma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T08:55:51Z","timestamp":1787043351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Role of Alexithymia in the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Premenstrual Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Savoca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0185-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Ditzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7278-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna\u2010Lena","family":"Zietlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bridget L.","family":"Callaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Premenstrual Syndrome: Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetricians\u2014Gynecologists","volume":"73","author":"American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Genocology and Obstetrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104637"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103999(94)90005\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000150209.44312.d1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000391"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2021.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/INDJ\/2014\/12638"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749\u20103797(98)00017\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2020.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.1070066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737\u2010022\u201001261\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20102667(21)00232\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"Hayes A. F.2017. \u201cIntroduction to Mediation Moderation and Conditional Process Analysis Second Edition: A Regression\u2010Based Approach.\u201d Guilford Publications."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001153"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04392-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v22i2.15712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Premenstrual Disorders: Epidemiology and Disease Burden","volume":"11","author":"Mishell D. R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Managed Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277\u20109536(88)90397\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.12.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savoca P. W. L. M.Glynn M. M.Fox M. C.Richards andB. L.Callaghan.2024. \u201cExploring the Impact of Maternal Early Life Adversity on Interoceptive Sensibility in Pregnancy: Implications for Prenatal Depression.\u201dArchives of Women's Mental Health.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00737\u2010024\u201001504\u20107.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/fbn2g"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1443352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737\u2010006\u20100137\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","article-title":"Emotional processing deficits and happiness: Assessing the measurement, correlates, and well\u2010being of people with alexithymia","author":"Timoney L. R.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2014.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136\u2010017\u20101642\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916\u2010022\u201002275\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737\u2010024\u201001426\u20104"}],"container-title":["Developmental Psychobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dev.70191","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dev.70191","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dev.70191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T04:54:41Z","timestamp":1791262481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dev.70191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dev.70191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dev.70191","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1630","1098-2302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1630","type":"print"},{"value":"1098-2302","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-02","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70191"}}