{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T13:08:15Z","timestamp":1761743295171},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,26]],"date-time":"2009-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal systemic concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines\/chemokines have been implicated in the development of long\u2010term cardiovascular complications in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and obesity. Whether leukocyte white blood cell (WBC) gene expression of these proinflammatory mediators contributes to their increased systemic levels, however, remains unclear, especially in the pediatric patient populations. This study examines mRNA changes of 9 cytokines and chemokines in WBCs following <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> immunostimulation from 9 T1DM (13.4 \u00b1 0.5 year, 4F\/5 M), 23 overweight (OW, 12.3 \u00b1 0.5 year, 10F\/13M, BMI% 97.1 \u00b1 0.5 and &gt; 90.0), and 21 healthy (CL, 13.8 \u00b1 0.7 year, 9F\/12 M, BMI% 59.6 \u00b1 4.6 and &lt; 85.0) children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All subjects had been maintained in euglycemic conditions for at least 90 min before blood draws. Whole blood was then sampled and incubated with anti\u2010T\u2010cell receptor (TCR) antibody or heat\u2010aggregated IgG (HAG) to stimulate T\u2010cell and Fc receptors (FcR), respectively. After lysis of leukocytes, mRNA levels of six tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokines (TNFSF2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14) and three chemokines (CCL8, 20, and CXCL10) were measured using RT\u2010PCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following TCR stimulation, T1DM displayed significantly greater mRNA responses than CL for TNFSF5, 7, 9, and CCL8, and CXCL10; TNFSF9, CCL8, and CXCL10 were also significantly higher in T1DM than OW; no difference was observed between OW and CL. FcR stimulation induced similar responses across groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leukocytes of T1DM children displayed exaggerated gene expression in response to <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> TCR induction of five key proinflammatory cytokines\/chemokines. This elevated leukocyte gene expression may be one of the pathophysiological contributors to the development of vascular complications in T1DM. 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