{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:20:03Z","timestamp":1761895203423},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,2]],"date-time":"2011-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes and other medical conditions have been related to pancreatic cancer, but time risk quantification is unsettled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We combined data from two case\u2010control studies conducted in Italy, including 688 pancreatic cancer cases and 2204 controls. All subjects were interviewed by trained interviewers during their hospital stay. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 103 cases (15%) and 125 controls (5.7%) reported a history of diabetes. The OR for pancreatic cancer was more pronounced among those diagnosed with diabetes in the previous 2 years (OR = 5.17; 95% CI = 2.71\u20139.87) than among those with diabetes diagnosed more than 2 years ago (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.70\u20133.26). The ORs remained significantly elevated 2\u20134 years (OR = 3.81; 95% CI = 2.07\u20137.04) and 5\u20139 years (OR = 3.75; 95% CI = 2.13\u20136.59) since diagnosis of diabetes, after which a non\u2010significant 20% increased risk for pancreatic cancer was observed. As compared to non\u2010diabetic non\u2010smokers, the OR was 1.85 among non\u2010diabetic current smokers, 2.17 among diabetic never\/former smokers, and rose to 4.67 among diabetic current smokers, indicating a multiplicative effect between these two risk factors. Pancreatic cancer was significantly associated with pancreatitis, primarily among those diagnosed within 2 years (OR = 7.16; 95% CI = 2.25\u201322.78). In addition, the ORs were elevated for cholelithiasis (3.53; 95% CI = 1.67\u20137.45) and gastroduodenal ulcer (3.16; 95% CI = 1.14\u20138.73) only among those diagnosed within the past 2 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetes is associated with heightened risk of pancreatic cancer. The association is significant for diabetes diagnosed up to 10 years before pancreatic cancer. 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