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At the same time, studies have shown soluble CTLA\u20104 to inhibit T\u2010cell activation through B7 binding. This study aimed to investigate the role of soluble CTLA\u20104 in relation to full\u2010length CTLA\u20104 and other Treg\u2010associated markers in T1D children and in individuals with high or low risk of developing the disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>T1D children were studied at 4 days, 1 and 2 years after diagnosis in comparison to individuals with high or low risk of developing the disease. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with the T1D\u2010associated glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and phytohaemagglutinin. Subsequently, soluble CTLA\u20104, full\u2010length CTLA\u20104, FOXP3 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 mRNA transcription were quantified and protein concentrations of soluble CTLA\u20104 were measured in culture supernatant and sera.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low protein concentrations of circulating soluble CTLA\u20104 and a positive correlation between soluble CTLA\u20104 mRNA and protein were seen in T1D, in parallel with a negative correlation in healthy subjects. Further, low levels of mitogen\u2010induced soluble CTLA\u20104 were accompanied by low C\u2010peptide levels. Interestingly, low mitogen\u2010induced soluble CTLA\u20104 mRNA and low TGF\u2010\u03b2 mRNA expression were seen in high risk individuals, suggesting an alteration in activation and down\u2010regulating immune mechanisms during the pre\u2010diabetic phase. Copyright \u00a9 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,17]],"date-time":"2011-08-17T07:13:17Z","timestamp":1313565197000},"page":"84-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Low expression and secretion of circulating soluble CTLA\u20104 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sera from type 1 diabetic children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Ryd\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Bolmeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl\u2010Oscar","family":"Jonson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrado 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