{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T02:10:38Z","timestamp":1740103838022,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,14]],"date-time":"2014-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["87043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["87043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic inflammation has a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Infection with intracellular organisms may incite chronic inflammation. This study was conducted to investigate the association between previous infection with <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (an intracellular microorganism) and diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (30\u201360\u00a0years old) and age\u2010matched normal controls were recruited. Patients with history of cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, recent pulmonary infection and the presence of age\u2010related macular degeneration were excluded from the study. Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed. Fasting blood sugar and haemoglobin levels were measured in diabetic patients and controls, and HgbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and 24\u2010h urine protein were measured in diabetic patients. Anti\u2010<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> IgG (enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay) was measured in the sera of all participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 215 type 2 diabetic patients and 243 normal healthy controls were included. Anti\u2010<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> IgG titers were higher in patients affected by diabetic retinopathy than participants without retinopathy (74.78\u2009\u00b1\u200933.38 vs 66.18\u2009\u00b1\u200931.40, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028). Diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy also had higher titers than diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (74.78\u2009\u00b1\u200933.38 vs 66.11\u2009\u00b1\u200933.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042). Of different variables including age, body mass index, haemoglobin level, glycated haemoglobin level, fasting blood sugar, mean arterial pressure and blood urea nitrogen, only age (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.17; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and body mass index (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.15; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) were correlated with anti\u2010<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> IgG levels. In regression analysis, the presence of diabetic retinopathy was still a determinant of the antibody level (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anti\u2010<jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>.\u2009<jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> IgG titers were higher in patients with diabetic retinopathy, which may indicate a role of this infection in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T02:31:02Z","timestamp":1406514662000},"page":"168-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Higher titers of anti\u2010<scp><i>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/i><\/scp> IgG in diabetic retinopathy: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Touka","family":"Banaee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Khatam\u2010al\u2010anbia Eye Hospital  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramin","family":"Daneshvar Kakhki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Khatam\u2010al\u2010anbia Eye Hospital  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"},{"name":"Cornea Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Abrishami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"},{"name":"Eye Research Center Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Immunology and Allergy  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Farzadnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Khorasan Razavi Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(89)90018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0198-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1939-1946.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0096-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339910793360851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2011.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2006.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11470.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2006.01392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.145383"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(13)38009-9","article-title":"Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study design and baseline patient characteristics. 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