{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T11:53:00Z","timestamp":1724413980376},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]],"date-time":"2014-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment of postprandial hyperglycemia could be needed when basal insulin added to oral therapy does not maintain glycated haemoglobin (HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub>) targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Knowing individual and regional patterns of postprandial hyperglycemia in this setting might improve therapeutic decisions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patient\u2010level self\u2010monitored blood glucose data were pooled from six studies of insulin glargine for patients with HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub>\u2009\u2265\u20097.0% after 24\u2009weeks. Percentages of participants with highest daily postprandial blood glucose and greatest postprandial increments after each of the three daily meals were calculated and compared between four geographical regions; USA, Canada, Germany, and other European countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>For 494 participants (mean age 60.1\u2009years, diabetes duration 9.6\u2009years, and BMI 29.8\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), mean endpoint HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub> was 7.8%. On insulin glargine treatment, highest postprandial blood glucose most often occurred post\u2010dinner (44% of participants) and greatest postprandial increments post\u2010breakfast (46% of participants) in all regions. Participants with greatest postprandial increments post\u2010breakfast were older and experienced less HbA<jats:sub>1C<\/jats:sub> improvement with insulin glargine than those with greatest postprandial increments after other meals. Post\u2010breakfast and post\u2010dinner postprandial blood glucose was higher in the USA and Canada versus Germany, and in the USA versus Other European countries (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Postprandial increments after dinner were greater in the USA versus all other regions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generally, highest postprandial blood glucose follows dinner and greatest postprandial increments follow breakfast. Variations in patient characteristics and eating patterns might underlie differences both within and between regions. Awareness of regional differences and evaluation of an individual's typical eating pattern might facilitate appropriate prandial therapy. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,24]],"date-time":"2014-09-24T14:20:51Z","timestamp":1411568451000},"page":"269-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Patterns of postprandial hyperglycemia after basal insulin therapy: individual and regional differences"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Charles","family":"Shaefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Systems University Hospital  Augusta GA USA"},{"name":"University Medical Group Primary Care  Evans GA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercy Diabetes Center  Janesville WI USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"DiGenio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.  Carlsbad CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Vlajnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanofi US, Inc.  Bridgewater NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medpace  Cincinnati OH USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School  New Brunswick NJ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Riddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon Health and Science University  Portland OR USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0413"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.3.881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-154-2-201101180-00300"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2011.0163"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonists as add\u2010on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Berlie H","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01881.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3080"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.2.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60485-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-005-0132-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e32834ec705"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2009-0014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396971-2.00005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.18.5.716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.10.2518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"BrunelloG MichaudPC Sanz\u2010de\u2010GaldeanoA.The rise in obesity across the Atlantic: an economic perspective. 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