{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:12:38Z","timestamp":1790777558450,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate whether oestradiol differs between premenopausal women with and without type 1 diabetes and whether levels are associated with such factors as age, reproductive history or diabetes management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Oestradiol in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200989; age\u2009=\u200918\u201350\u00a0years; duration\u2009=\u200913\u201318\u00a0years) and age\u2010matched\/race\u2010matched controls without diabetes (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200976) was collected during a cross\u2010sectional ancillary study of the Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Study, a population\u2010based incident cohort. Total and bioavailable oestradiol and sex hormone\u2010binding globulin were compared using multivariable regression (e.g. adjusting for reproductive history).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adjusted mean total and bioavailable oestradiol did not differ overall by diabetes status (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2265\u20090.74), while adjusted mean sex hormone\u2010binding globulin was higher in type 1 diabetes women (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02). However, only in women with type 1 diabetes and not controls (interaction <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0005) was total oestradiol positively associated with the duration of reproductive years with unsuppressed ovarian function (<jats:italic>UnsuppOvFx<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009years since menarche minus years on hormonal contraceptives\/pregnant\/breastfeeding). When stratified into less than\/equal to or greater than the median 9\u00a0years' duration of <jats:italic>UnsuppOvFx<\/jats:italic>, compared with controls, women with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower total oestradiol in the \u22649\u00a0years group [<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u221243.2\u00a0pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (\u2212158.6\u00a0pmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04] and significantly higher total oestradiol in the &gt;9\u00a0years group [<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953.9\u00a0pg\u00a0mL<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (197.9\u00a0pmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04]. Results remained consistent during additional statistical adjustments and sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with controls, women with type 1 diabetes may have lower oestradiol when they have a shorter duration of <jats:italic>UnsuppOvFx<\/jats:italic> and higher oestradiol when they have a longer duration of <jats:italic>UnsuppOvFx<\/jats:italic>. Given the potential effects of insulin on ovarian function, oestradiol production may vary across the lifespan for women with type 1 diabetes. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,28]],"date-time":"2016-05-28T01:16:44Z","timestamp":1464398204000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oestradiol levels may differ between premenopausal women, ages 18\u201350, with type 1 diabetes and matched controls"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Lina Saleh","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Monson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery University of Illinois at Chicago  Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirstie 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