{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T10:41:46Z","timestamp":1785148906619,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]],"date-time":"2018-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL\u2010112099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL\u2010112099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Metformin, a widely used antihyperglycaemic, has a good safety profile, reasonably manageable side\u2010effects, is inexpensive, and causes a desirable amount of weight loss. In 4 studies of patients with tuberculosis (1 prospective and 3 retrospective), metformin administration resulted in better outcomes. In mice with several models of endotoxemia, metformin diminished levels of proinflammatory cytokines and improved survival. Laboratory studies showed effectiveness of the drug on multiple pathogens, including<jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Metformin administration in humans and mice produced major changes in the composition of the gut microbiota. These recently discovered microbe\u2010modulating properties of the drug have led investigators to predict wide therapeutic utility for metformin. The recent easing in United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines regarding administration of metformin to patients with kidney disease, and reduced anxiety about patient safety in terms of lactic acidosis, increase the probability of broadening of metformin's usage as a treatment of infectious agents. In this text we review articles pertinent to metformin's effects on microorganisms, both pathogens and commensals. We highlight the possible role of metformin in a wide range of infectious diseases and a possible expansion of its therapeutic profile in this field. A systematic review was done of PubMed indexed articles that examined the effects of metformin on a wide range of pathogens. Metformin was found to have efficacy as an antimicrobial agent in patients with tuberculosis. Mice infected with<jats:italic>Trypanosomiasis cruzi<\/jats:italic>had higher survival when also treated with metformin. The drug<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>was active against<jats:italic>T.\u00a0spiralis<\/jats:italic>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>S.\u00a0aureus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, and hepatitis B virus. In addition there is emerging literature on its role in sepsis. We conclude that metformin may have a potential role in the therapy for multiple infectious diseases. Metformin, in addition to its traditional effects on glucose metabolism, provides anti\u2010microbial benefits in patients with tuberculosis and in a very wide range of other infections encounters in vitro and in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,24]],"date-time":"2017-12-24T08:14:32Z","timestamp":1514103272000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Is metformin poised for a second career as an antimicrobial?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Faiza","family":"Malik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5911-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Faizan","family":"Mehdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroon","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anam","family":"Basharat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrat","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fnu","family":"Ashok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wunnie","family":"Brima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Malhotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Manhasset NY USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7968-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes\u2010Related Research Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health Manhasset NY USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell Manhasset NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1120781"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI13505"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4345"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization website(www.who.int)."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009885"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaa1274"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2017.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","article-title":"Metformin use reverses the increased mortality associated with diabetes mellitus during tuberculosis treatment","author":"Degner NR","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022139"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.577908"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.21"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.092122"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Review of history, pharmacodynamics and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Schafer G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Diabete Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340906"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024456402584"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.6.755"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Hazards posed by a banned drug\u2014phenformin is still hanging around","volume":"14","author":"Ching CK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","first-page":"CD002967","article-title":"Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Salpeter SR","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1659"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1171"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31819fcf68"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1180-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2012.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2003.01271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920040-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.6.779"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000782"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2001.00509.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-6205(02)00131-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01713.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001076"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2010.409"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.1999.00115.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.19.2504-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.4.434"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.4.922"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Metformin does not induce hyperlactatemia in patients admitted to internal medicine ward","volume":"19","author":"Koren S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.72.848.352"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2636"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.035766"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.051029"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2006.10","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and associated factors in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"59","author":"Tamer A","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2012-203178"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01425.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076283"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016166"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12784"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27636"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12187"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000462"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23206"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2014.05.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_61_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Efficacy of adding metformin to pegylated interferon and ribavirin in treatment na\u00efve patients with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized double\u2010blind controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Sharifi AH","year":"2014","journal-title":"Middle East J Dig Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2415"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.384"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00388-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200308010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2190"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518285"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328339192f"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.3728"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000419"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32834f33cc"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3480607"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140620"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13270"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0443-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI40671"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12826"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3992-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308445"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1324"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01202"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12198"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15766"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009085"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14405"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01357-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308778"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208344"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65456-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09646"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01753-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168670"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.30.8.861"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007998409109558"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0488"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4352-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200603000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422410000089"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199808)15:8<651::AID-DIA628>3.0.CO;2-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1127483"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu124"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep10147"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-1901"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.4807"}],"container-title":["Diabetes\/Metabolism Research and Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdmrr.2975","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dmrr.2975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T02:25:00Z","timestamp":1719714300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dmrr.2975"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"references-count":119,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dmrr.2975"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2975","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-7552","1520-7560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-7552","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-7560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,20]]},"article-number":"e2975"}}