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In addition to the health hazards brought on by over\u2010nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under \u201cobesity paradox.\u201d Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>century, under\u2010nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under\u2010nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over\u2010nutrition. This continuum yields J\u2010shaped or U\u2010shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>century, are being neglected. This \u201chidden hunger\u201d is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. 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