{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:04:35Z","timestamp":1793711075967,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether insulin resistance is a predictor for decreased olfactory function in adult type 1 diabetes patients (T1DM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The following parameters were examined in the group of 113 T1DM participants: body mass index (BMI), waist\u2010hip ratio (WHR), TG\/HDL ratio, glycated hemoglobin (HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>), visceral fat (VF) in body bioimpedance, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI). Bilateral olfactory test score (BOTS) was performed using 12\u2010odour\u2010tests from Sniffin' Sticks. Then participants were allocated to one of two groups: normosmia (10\u201012 odours identified) or hyposmia\/anosmia (0\u20109 odours). The association between BOTS and insulin resistance indicators was analyzed using: Spearman's rank correlation, multivariate linear regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>49.6% participants were diagnosed with hyposmia\/anosmia, median BOTS was 10. BOTS correlated significantly with: WHR, TG, VF index, TG\/HDL ratio, VAI, and eGDR. In multivariate linear regression analysis higher WHR turned out to be statistically significant independent predictor of lower BOTS (\u03b2 = \u22120.36;<jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>.005) after adjustment for age, sex, TG and peripheral neuropathy (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>= 0.19;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= .0005). The ROC analysis indicated a WHR cut\u2010off of 0.92 [area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.737; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.647\u20100.828,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.0001] as the best among evaluated factors significantly affecting hyposmia\/anosmia occurrence (sensitivity of this cut\u2010off 0.50 and specificity 0.86).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have provided evidence of an association between lowered insulin sensitivity expressed in bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometrical (WHR), laboratory (TG\/HDL ratio) measurements, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI) and deteriorated olfactory function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T15:29:16Z","timestamp":1583335756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Insulin resistance is associated with impaired olfactory function in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: A cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Bogusz","family":"Falkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4803-7406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Duda\u2010Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Araszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology Poznan University of Medical Sciences Poznan 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