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Low 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D concentrations have been reported as risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, recent evaluations suggest this association might be explained by obesity or insulin resistance (IR) in subjects with MetS. Our aim was to analyze associations between vitamin D insufficiency and MetS in a young cohort without diabetes and two senior cohorts with and without diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred sixteen young and 1357 older BASE\u2010II participants were analyzed. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) was defined according to European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines, MetS as suggested by International Diabetes Federation\/American Heart Association\/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (IDF\/AHA\/NHLBI 2009). Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D concentrations &lt;50 nmol\/L. Among other confounders, BMI and IR were taken into account.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>MetS was prevalent in 7.7% of the young and in 35.6% of the older BASE\u2010II participants and T2D occurred in 12.7% of the older participants. In young subjects without diabetes, vitamin D insufficiency was associated with an independent 3.2\u2010fold increased odds of having MetS (OR: 3.2 CI: 1.0\u20138.7; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.042). However, in the older participants, this association was lost once BMI was taken into account among those with diabetes, and once IR was taken into account among those without diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Independent associations between vitamin D insufficiency and MetS were only found among young subjects without diabetes. In the older adults, BMI annihilated these associations among subjects without diabetes as did HOMA\u2010IR among subjects with diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T21:38:08Z","timestamp":1619127488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome independent of insulin resistance and obesity in young adults \u2010 The Berlin Aging Study II"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4345-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaus","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Charit\u00e9 \u2010 University Medicine Berlin (Campus Benjamin Franklin)  Berlin 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Division of Lipid Metabolism) Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin BCRT \u2010 Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Steinhagen\u2010Thiessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (Including Division of Lipid Metabolism) Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Gerontology German Institute for Human 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