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The present study aimed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of disease pathogenesis of T2DM among AA in the Washington, DC region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA) on 24 genes of interest that belong to three categories:\n                      <jats:italic>metabolic disease and disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>cancer\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      related genes, and\n                      <jats:italic>neurobehavioural disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. The 18 genes, viz.\n                      <jats:italic>ARNT<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL6<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>INSR<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>RRAD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>SLC2A2<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>metabolic disease and disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>APC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>BCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CSNK1D<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>MYC<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>SOD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TP53 (Cancer\u2010related)<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>APBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>APBB2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>APOC1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GSK3B,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>NAE1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>neurobehavioural disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), were differentially expressed in T2DM participants compared to controls.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results suggest that factors including gender, smoking habits, and the severity or lack of control of T2DM (as indicated by HbA1c levels) were significantly associated with differential gene expression.\n                      <jats:italic>APBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value &lt;0.05) downregulated in all diabetes participants. Upregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>APOE and CYP2D6<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes and downregulation of the\n                      <jats:italic>INSR<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene were observed in the majority of diabetes patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoking and gender were significantly associated with case\u2010control differences in expression of the APBA1 and APOE genes (connected with Alzheimer's disease) and the INSR and CYP2D6 (associated with metabolic disorders). The results highlight the need for more effective management of T2DM and for tobacco smoking cessation interventions in this community, and further research on the associations of T2DM with other disease processes, including cancer and neurobehavioral pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T12:30:10Z","timestamp":1667565010000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Insights on the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes as revealed by signature genomic classifiers in an African American population in the Washington, DC area"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Tanmoy","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Loffredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology Georgetown University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyothirmai","family":"Simhadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health College of Medicine, Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gail","family":"Nunlee\u2010Bland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health College of Medicine, Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brent","family":"Korba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Depaertment of Microbiology &amp; Immunology Georgetown University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jheannelle","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharleine","family":"Cotin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gemeyel","family":"Moses","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Quartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Center College of Medicine Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles D.","family":"Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Hepatitis Center College of Medicine Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zarish","family":"Noreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Biotechnology National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS)  Rawalpindi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5280-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somiranjan","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Howard University  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health College of Medicine, Howard University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176275"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892\u2010020\u201001369\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"National Diabetes Statistics Report.2020. 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