{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:21:42Z","timestamp":1790295702170,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hyperglucagonemia is one of the \u2018ominous\u2019 eight factors underlying the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon is a peptide hormone involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis by increasing hepatic glucose output to counterbalance insulin action. Long neglected, the introduction of dual and triple agonists exploiting glucagon signalling pathways has rekindled the interest in this hormone beyond its classic effect on glycaemia. Glucagon can promote weight loss by regulating food intake, energy expenditure, and brown and white adipose tissue functions through mechanisms still to be fully elucidated, thus its role in T2D pathogenesis should be further investigated. Moreover, the role of glucagon in the development of T2D micro\u2010 and macro\u2010vascular complications is elusive. Mounting evidence suggests its beneficial effect in non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease, while few studies postulated its favourable role in peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy. Contrarily, glucagon receptor agonism might induce renal changes resembling diabetic nephropathy, and data concerning glucagon actions on the cardiovascular system are conflicting. This review aims to summarise the available findings on the role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Further experimental and clinical data are warranted to better understand the implications of glucagon signalling modulation with new antidiabetic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T12:44:47Z","timestamp":1673613887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Glucagon in type 2 diabetes: Friend or foe?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Caruso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases University of Bari Aldo Moro  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Marrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area 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