{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:00:45Z","timestamp":1790089245680,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,14]],"date-time":"2023-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dysbiosis or imbalance of microbes in the gut has been associated with susceptibility and progression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The present systematic review and meta\u2010analysis examined the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on fasting blood glucose (FBG), haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C\u2010peptide, and insulin requirements in T1DM patients. A systematic search for trials published up to October 2022 was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and the Central Cochrane Library. Random effect models were used to synthesise quantitative data by STATA\n                      <jats:sub>14<\/jats:sub>\n                      . After the evaluation of 258 identified entries, five randomised controlled trials (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0356; mean age\u00a0=\u00a011.7\u00a0years old) were included. The pooled effect size showed that FBG\u00a0decreased following probiotic supplementation (weighted mean difference\u00a0=\u00a0\u221231.24\u00a0mg\/dL; 95% confidence interval\u00a0=\u00a0\u221245.65, \u221216.83;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), however, there was no significant improvement in serum HbA1c, C\u2010peptide, and insulin requirements. Probiotic supplementation could be a complementary therapeutic strategy in T1DM. The evidence is limited; therefore, it is crucial to conduct more trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:24:03Z","timestamp":1684117443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of clinical trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9707-0352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Reza","family":"Moravejolahkami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition School of Nutrition &amp; Food Science Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Shakibaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Anatomy Musculoskeletal &amp; Tumor Biology Research Group Ludwig\u2010Maximilians\u2010University Munich  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1521-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea Mary","family":"Fairley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences Newcastle University  Newcastle\u2010Upon\u2010Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manoj","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social &amp; Behavioral Health School of Public Health 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