{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:19:49Z","timestamp":1790191189348,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a significant global health challenge with limited therapeutic options. Tea consumption has emerged as a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy, yet a systematic and integrative understanding of its mechanisms is lacking. This review employs a novel tripartite approach\u2014combining bibliometric analysis, network pharmacology, and an in\u2010depth literature review\u2014to comprehensively elucidate the multi\u2010faceted role of tea in combating NAFLD. The bibliometric analysis identifies \u2018inflammation,\u2019 \u2018steatosis,\u2019 \u2018insulin resistance,\u2019 and \u2018gut microbiota\u2019 as the core research hotspots. Network pharmacology predicts that tea's active constituents target key proteins (e.g.,\u00a0VEGFA, CDK1) to regulate pivotal pathways like P53 and cancer signalling. We further synthesise evidence on how specific components, such as EGCG and yellow tea polysaccharides, modulate pathways including NF\u2010\u03baB and FXR to alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. A central mechanistic insight elucidated in this review revolves around the gut\u2010liver axis. We emphasise that despite their low systemic bioavailability, tea polyphenols exert potent prebiotic\u2010like effects. They are metabolised by the gut microbiota into smaller, more bioavailable phenolic acids and other metabolites that retain or even enhance bioactivity. Furthermore, tea polyphenols, polysaccharides, caffeine, and theanine collectively modulate microbial community structure, enhance the production of beneficial metabolites such as short\u2010chain fatty acids, and reinforce intestinal barrier function, thereby collectively ameliorating the progression of NAFLD. This consolidated mechanistic framework not only provides a comprehensive understanding of tea's anti\u2010NAFLD effects but also highlights the significant potential for developing targeted, tea\u2010based nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it establishes a scientific basis for guiding scientifically informed tea consumption practices for the management of NAFLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T06:53:33Z","timestamp":1766472813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Unravelling the Mechanisms of Tea Against NAFLD: An Integration of Bibliometrics, Network Pharmacology, and the Gut\u2010Liver Axis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jiali","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianrun","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengsi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiankuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468\u20101253(22)00165\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064995"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(20)32511\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11213457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13531"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902\u2010022\u201000980\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10071076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13020221"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.08.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632017694898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.725390"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2015.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31518"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2024.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134165"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040792"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418\u2010022\u201000941\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002907"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.5b00245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201800311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2023.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2331460"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2016.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2307568"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113173"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.07.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107754"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120835"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010022\u201000868\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.30121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213722"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s\u20100039\u20101679920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1827082"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.05.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04172"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070215"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1552245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo01449j"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394\u2010013\u20100516\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061950"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020187"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c6fo01591c"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535\u2010015\u20101154\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110146"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2022.146553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5599997"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.925264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986\u2010022\u201000664\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.29.1_supplement.608.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111638"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1118925"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c00148"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo01966j"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000353"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo00795a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154782"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535\u2010018\u20101521\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M075713"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpge.2016.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201007859\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.253815"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158805"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.058396"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2019.108324"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197\u2010017\u20102951\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.925264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo02051e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b00296"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098\u2010023\u201000993\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24020370"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b02233"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13050792"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109271"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2020.108478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06622"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28155871"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535\u2010019\u201001649\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1907272"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168\u2010021\u201001125\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253\u2010019\u201010306\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v62.1599"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6295"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HM9.0000000000000071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529\u2010022\u201003234\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c07488"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf505850q"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31604"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15053"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.05.013"}],"container-title":["Diabetes\/Metabolism Research and Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dmrr.70118","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dmrr.70118","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dmrr.70118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T07:43:48Z","timestamp":1773128628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dmrr.70118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dmrr.70118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.70118","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-7552","1520-7560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-7552","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-7560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70118"}}