{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:48:23Z","timestamp":1791182903267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/X001059\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/X001059\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, various diabetic socks have been developed and introduced to help prevent diabetes related foot ulcers (DFUs). However, the question of which type of sock is most suitable for individuals with diabetes has not been adequately addressed. This review systematically explores the current evidence regarding the performance and structural properties of diabetic socks, along with a narrative analysis of commercial socks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four databases, including Web of Science, PubMed\/Medline, CINAHL (EBSCO), and Google Scholar, were examined, resulting in the selection of nine articles. Methodological quality of the clinical trials was assessed using the Downs and Black tool. Additionally, 17 commercially available socks were selected for analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the selected articles, four were clinical trials, two mixed\u2010design studies, and three laboratory\u2010based investigations. The clinical studies exhibited poor quality and were unable to demonstrate significant outcomes. Laboratory\u2010based studies indicated that functional finishes on yarns could prevent microbial growth and that the blend of fibres and the structure of the socks significantly affect the overall performance. Commercially available socks reporting new types of fibres lack clinical evidence to support their claims, complicating the understanding of their performance in people with diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence regarding the structure and function of diabetic socks is limited, with clinical trials characterised by poor methodological quality. Technical suggestions for diabetic sock design are based on limited evidence from laboratory\u2010based studies, highlighting gaps in the literature. This review highlights the need for further investigation to establish the evidence base for diabetic socks in supporting diabetic foot care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T13:24:08Z","timestamp":1771680248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diabetic Socks: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Commercially Available Products"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Prabhuraj D.","family":"Venkatraman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Fashion Institute Faculty of Arts and Humanities Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Faculty of Science and Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Culmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory P.","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irantzu","family":"Yoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied and Public Health, School of Health Sport and Bioscience University of East London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Corser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research Faculty of Medicine and Health University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J. M.","family":"Boulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre Manchester Royal Infirmary  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute University of Miami  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil D.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Faculty of Health and Medicine Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DCI22\u20100043"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"Insight Health Economics for Diabetes UK","author":"Kerr M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/DMRR.3651"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/DMRR.2702"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13047\u2010015\u20100068\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.N71"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","volume-title":"Technology of Textile Properties","author":"Taylor M. 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Skinnies UK Dermasock Diabetic Sock (2024) https:\/\/www.skinniesuk.com\/diabetics."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"HJ Diabetic HJ Diabetic Wool Socks https:\/\/www.hj.co.uk\/hj1352\u20103pk\u201011\u201013."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","unstructured":"Orthofeet Orthofeet Sock for Diabetic Patients (2024) https:\/\/www.orthofeet.com\/collections\/diabetic\u2010socks?srsltid=AfmBOoqkbxbqJoyOjtUX9p3zzts6DFFTc8ElD8TF5IH572FJvSkEca4X."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","unstructured":"DrSegals Dr Segals Diabetic Sock (2024) https:\/\/www.drsegals.com\/collections\/diabetic\u2010socks\/products\/diabetic\u2010socks\u2010purple\u2010stripes."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","unstructured":"Viasox Viasox White EasyStretch Socks for Diabetic Applications (2024) https:\/\/uk.viasox.com\/products\/white\u2010easystretch\u2010socks?_pos=3&_psq=diabetic&_ss=e&_v=1.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","unstructured":"Well healed socks Well\u2010Healed (2024) https:\/\/wellheeled.net\/product\/shop\u2010diabetic\u2010socks\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","unstructured":"Thorlo Thorlo Socks with Cushioned Toes with Seams (2024) https:\/\/thorlo.com\/collections\/diabetic\u2010socks\/products\/hpmw00\u2010womens\u2010diabetic\u2010moderate\u2010cushion\u2010ankle\u2010socks?variant=34779495825453."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","unstructured":"Jobst Jobst Sensifoot Socks (2024) https:\/\/www.jobststockings.com\/products\/jobst\u2010sensifoot\u2010diabetic\u2010compression\u2010crew\u20108\u201015."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","unstructured":"TXG TXG Diabetic Cushion Socks (2024) https:\/\/txgsocks.com\/txg\/portfolio_item\/txg\u2010diabetic\u2010cushion\u2010socks."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JVD.S50320"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","unstructured":"Siliipos Silipos Arthritis Diabetic Gel Socks (2024) https:\/\/www.healthandcare.co.uk\/silipos\u2010insole\/silipos\u2010arthritis\u2010and\u2010diabetic\u2010gel\u2010socks.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","unstructured":"Truform Truform Trusoft Diabetic Sock (2024) https:\/\/truform.com\/products\/trusoft\u2010socks\u2010crew\u2010length\u2010gallery."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","unstructured":"Dr Scholls Dr Scholl\u2019s Diabetic Socks Vol.2024 (2024) https:\/\/www.tsdrjc.co.uk\/accessories\/dr.\u2010scholls\u2010diabetes\u2010and\u2010circulatory\u2010crew\u2010socks\u2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","unstructured":"Podartis Podartis Diab & Sensitive Feet (2024) https:\/\/www.podartis.com\/tecnologie\/calze\/diab\u2010piedi\u2010sensibili\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5937\/SAVTEH1401059T"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/DMRR.3258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004051759506500507"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517514561926"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","volume-title":"A Research About Performance and Comfort Properties of Diabetic Socks","author":"C\u00fcreklibat\u0131r Encan B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b19359-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517514534750"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","volume-title":"Fiber Society 2012 Fall Meeting and Technical Conference in Partnership with Polymer Fibers 2012: Rediscovering Fibers in the 21st Century","author":"Abreu M. 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