{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T17:08:14Z","timestamp":1778951294682,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at increased risk of impaired cognitive function, particularly in tasks requiring memory, attention, and executive functioning. Given the emerging evidence that excess adiposity may impair cognition through metabolic and inflammatory pathways, we investigated the association between body composition components and spatial navigation in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational study, 64 adolescents (39 boys, mean age 15.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2\u00a0years) with type 1 diabetes completed spatial navigation assessment by the Virtual Morris Water Maze Task (vMWMT) and underwent body composition assessment via bioelectrical impedance analysis. Glycaemic control was evaluated through HbA1c measurement and continuous glucose monitoring metrics. Associations between vMWMT outcomes (time\u2010to\u2010first move, time\u2010to\u2010platform, and path length) and body composition components [body mass index (BMI) and muscle\u2010to\u2010fat ratio (MFR) z\u2010scores] were analysed by sex\u2010stratified correlation and multivariable linear regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean BMI z\u2010scores did not differ between sexes, whereas girls had lower muscle\u2010to\u2010fat ratio (MFR) z\u2010scores than boys (\u22120.60\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.84 vs. 0.25\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.00,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The boys' longer time\u2010to\u2010first move and time\u2010to\u2010platform were positively correlated with lower MFR z\u2010scores and higher HbA1c levels, greater time in marked hypoglycemia and in severe hyperglycemia and longer diabetes duration. Boys' diabetes duration predicted a longer time\u2010to\u2010first move (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.064,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.009), while both diabetes duration and a lower MFR z\u2010score predicted a longer time\u2010to\u2010platform (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.457,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The girls' longer time\u2010to\u2010platform was positively correlated with higher BMI z\u2010scores. Their HbA1c levels at diabetes onset predicted longer time\u2010to\u2010first move (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0\u22123.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.018), and their relatively higher BMI z\u2010scores predicted longer time\u2010to\u2010platform (\n                      <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a09.33,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.022).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial navigation performance in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is influenced by body composition in boys and weight status in girls. Identifying and managing sex\u2010specific risk factors may help optimise cognitive function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T13:04:03Z","timestamp":1771679043000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sex Differences in the Association Between Body Composition and Cognitive Performance in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4979-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Zaitoon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"The Institute of Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism \u2018Dana\u2010Dwek\u2019 Children's Hospital Tel Aviv Sourasky 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