{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:57:29Z","timestamp":1792267049679,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Metabolism Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the associations of dietary intake of A and E vitamins, as well as plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols in relation to development of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) Study followed 7659 newborns with genetic susceptibility to T1D for 6\u00a0years in the USA, Finland, Germany, and Sweden. Dietary vitamin intake was assessed repeatedly with 3\u2010day food\u2010records in full cohort at ages 6\u00a0months to 6\u00a0years. Plasma retinols, carotenoids, and tocopherols were analysed in a nested case\u2010control setting with 359 children with islet autoimmunity and 1033 matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the full cohort analyses, dietary intake of retinol,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene, and vitamin E was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or progression to T1D. Further, none of the plasma retinol, carotenoid, and tocopherol biomarkers were associated with islet autoimmunity or T1D in the full nested case\u2010control analyses. We observed effect modification by country, breastfeeding, sex, and follow\u2010up time for both intake and biomarkers of vitamins on the risk of islet autoimmunity or T1D, and some subgroup associations. Finally, a plasma carotenoid metabolite (likely zeinoxanthin) (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39, 0.95,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.03) and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010carotene at 6\u00a0months (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45, 0.94,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.02) were inversely associated with the odds of developing GADA\u2010first.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinol, carotenoids and tocopherols were not consistently associated with islet autoimmunity. This study adds to the understanding of factors and their interactions related to T1D development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:43:22Z","timestamp":1782495802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retinol, Carotenoid, and Tocopherol Intake and Status, and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7115-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Hakola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4231-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna L.","family":"Clasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Uusitalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carin","family":"Andr\u00e9n Aronsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diabetes Research Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich\u2010Neuherberg Germany and Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V.  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Mattila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Niinist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette\u2010G.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diabetes Research Helmholtz Zentrum M\u00fcnchen German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich\u2010Neuherberg Germany and Forschergruppe Diabetes at Klinikum rechts der Isar School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich, Munich, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V.  Neuherberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2979-0475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William A.","family":"Hagopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Northwest Research Institute  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beena","family":"Akolkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Diabetes &amp; Digestive &amp; Kidney Diseases  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian J.","family":"Rewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"McIndoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine Medical College of Georgia Augusta University  Augusta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey P.","family":"Krischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Colorado School of Public Health University of Colorado  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Erlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Nutrition and Health Research  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Health Sciences Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Public Health Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Tampere Center for Child Adolescent and Maternal Health Research (TamCAM) Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the TEDDY Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577\u2010023\u201000985\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574\u2010024\u201001045\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394\u2010024\u201003346\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db17\u20100802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010019\u201005028\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010025\u201006635\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010008\u20100959\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2005.18.12.1409"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u20105448.2007.00269.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399\u20105448.2011.00774.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14\u2010S014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids","author":"Institute of Medicine Panel on Macronutrients, Institute of Medicine Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2011.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1052001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430\u2010023\u201001393\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","volume-title":"General Aspects of Fitting Regression Models in Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis","author":"Harrell F. E."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"D.Rizopoulos Competing Risks. Accessed May 30 2025 https:\/\/drizopoulos.github.io\/JMbayes2\/articles\/Competing_Risks.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2025) https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","unstructured":"D.Rizopoulos P. M.Afonso andG.Papageorgiou JMbayes2: Extended Joint Models for Longitudinal and Time\u2010to\u2010Event Data. Accessed May 30 2025 https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/JMbayes2\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","unstructured":"TherneauT. M. (Until 2009) TL (Original S >R Port and R Maintainer Elizabeth A Cynthia C. Survival: Survival Analysis). Accessed May 30 2025 https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/survival\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112749"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19\u20100880"}],"container-title":["Diabetes\/Metabolism Research and Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dmrr.70196","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dmrr.70196","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dmrr.70196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:47:25Z","timestamp":1785170845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dmrr.70196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dmrr.70196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.70196","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-7552","1520-7560"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-7552","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-7560","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70196"}}