{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T15:17:44Z","timestamp":1766157464546,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Developmental Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neurite outgrowth is a fundamental step in establishing proper neuronal connections in the developing central nervous system. Dynamic control of outgrowth has been attributed to changes in growth cone Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>levels in response to extracellular cues. Here we have investigated a possible role for Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>permeable kainate (KA) receptors in regulating neurite outgrowth of nociceptive\u2010like dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. To identify KA receptor subunits likely to be involved, we used quantitative RT\u2010PCR on acutely dissociated DRG and dorsal horn neurons. DRG neurons expressed more GluK1, particularly the GluK1b spice variant, than dorsal horn neurons. Conversely, dorsal horn neurons expressed more GluK2, particularly GluK2a, than DRG neurons. Further, an RNA editing assay indicated that the majority of GluK1 and GluK2 mRNA transcripts in DRG were unedited. Imaging Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>transients following application of a KA receptor agonist to DRG and dorsal horn co\u2010cultures revealed increases in intracellular Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>in the growth cones of DRG neurons. In the majority of cases, this increase in Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>was partly or completely blocked by Joro spider toxin (JSTX), an antagonist for Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010permeable AMPA and KA receptors. Treatment of DRG\/dorsal horn co\u2010cultures with KA for 18 hours suppressed neurite outgrowth while application of the rapidly desensitizing KA receptor agonist SYM 2081, the competitive AMPA\/KA receptor antagonist, CNQX, and JSTX or philanthotoxin enhanced neurite outgrowth and prevented KA effects on neurite outgrowth. Thus, Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>entry through KA receptors at the growth cone of DRG neurons may be an important regulator of neurite outgrowth. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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