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The EOD, which functions in both perception and communication, is controlled by a two\u2010layered central pattern generator (CPG), the electromotor CPG, which modifies its basal output in response to environmental and social challenges. Despite major anatomo\u2010functional commonalities in the electromotor CPG across electric fish species, we show that <jats:italic>Gymnotus omarorum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brachyhypopomus gauderio<\/jats:italic> have evolved divergent neural processes to transiently modify the CPG outputs through descending fast neurotransmitter inputs to generate communication signals. We also present two examples of electric behavioral displays in which it is possible to separately analyze the effects of neuropeptides (mid\u2010term modulation) and gonadal steroid hormones (long\u2010term modulation) upon the CPG. First, the nonbreeding territorial aggression of <jats:italic>G. omarorum<\/jats:italic> has been an advantageous model to analyze the status\u2010dependent modulation of the excitability of CPG neuronal components by vasotocin. Second, the seasonal and sexually dimorphic courtship signals of <jats:italic>B. gauderio<\/jats:italic> have been useful to understand the effects of sex steroids on the responses to glutamatergic inputs in the CPG. Overall, the electromotor CPG functions in a regime that safeguards the EOD waveform. However, prepacemaker influences and hormonal modulation enable an enormous versatility and allows the EOD to adapt its functional state in a species\u2010, sex\u2010, and social context\u2010specific manners.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,19]],"date-time":"2020-01-19T06:25:11Z","timestamp":1579415111000},"page":"70-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hormone\u2010mediated modulation of the electromotor CPG in pulse\u2010type weakly electric fish. 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