{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:39:12Z","timestamp":1786977552762,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IHD\u2010134090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IHD\u2010134090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u2010136797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u2010136797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MFE\u2010164703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFE\u2010164703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can lead to cognitive, behavioural, and social\u2013emotional challenges. Previous neuroimaging research has identified structural brain alterations in newborns, older children, adolescents, and adults with PAE; however, little is known about brain structure in young children. Extensive brain development occurs during early childhood; therefore, understanding the neurological profiles of young children with PAE is critical for early identification and effective intervention. We studied 54 children (5.21\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.11\u00a0years; 27 males) with confirmed PAE (94% also had other prenatal exposures, 74% had adverse postnatal experiences) compared with 54 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched children without PAE. Children underwent diffusion tensor imaging between 2 and 7\u00a0years of age. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were obtained for 10 major white matter tracts. Univariate analyses of covariance were used to test group differences (PAE vs. control) controlling for age and sex. The PAE group had higher FA in the genu of the corpus callosum and lower MD in the bilateral uncinate fasciculus. The PAE group also had lower tract volume in the corpus callosum, the bilateral inferior fronto\u2010occipital fasciculi, and the right superior longitudinal fasciculus. Our findings align with studies of newborns with PAE reporting lower diffusivity, but contrast those in older populations with PAE, which consistently report lower FA and higher MD. Further research is needed to understand trajectories of white matter development and how our results of higher FA\/lower MD in young children connect with lower FA\/higher MD observed at older ages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,8]],"date-time":"2021-04-08T05:05:04Z","timestamp":1617858304000},"page":"400-410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["White matter alterations in young children with prenatal alcohol exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Preeti","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jess E.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melody N.","family":"Grohs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Ben","family":"Gibbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"McMorris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Werklund School of Education University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Tortorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work Mount Royal University Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-4032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Lebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000400002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01973-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Profile of the first 1,400 patients receiving diagnostic evaluations for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder at the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Diagnostic & Prevention Network","volume":"17","author":"Astley S. 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