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A model of circuit formation, this projection has been studied in detail. There are, however, other retinorecipient targets that also comprise the amphibian visual system such as the pretectum and ventral midbrain tegmentum. Understanding how these other components of the visual system form and function will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how the visual system, as a whole, assembles and functions. Toward this aim, here we describe the functional development of the\n                    <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>\n                    tadpole accessory optic system (AOS), a direct synaptic connection between RGC axons and the basal optic nucleus of the midbrain tegmentum. The AOS is highly conserved across vertebrates. It functions as the sensory side of the optokinetic and optomotor reflexes, compensatory eye and body movements, respectively, that stabilize the visual scene as the organism moves through it. Using an isolated brain preparation and whole\u2010cell electrophysiological approaches, we compared the development of the AOS and retinotectal projection. We found that these two retinofugal projections display distinct developmental programs, which appear to mirror their different functions. Retinotectal synapses moved through a dynamic phase of previously described NMDA receptor\u2010dependent refinement, a process that is known to sharpen the retinotopic map and thereby visual acuity. In contrast, the AOS synapse appeared more stable and activity independent across development, indicative of a hardwired circuit, built to support reflexive optic behaviors.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T08:15:37Z","timestamp":1746692137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Distinct Developmental Programs Displayed by the\n                    <i>Xenopus<\/i>\n                    Tadpole Accessory Optic System and Retinotectal Projection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6616-3409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwemedimo G.","family":"Udoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper E.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-4757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara G.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience University of Wyoming  Laramie Wyoming USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00452.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2013.00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635215500296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440\u2010169X.2010.01176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00303"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04\u201001\u201000043.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/324457a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902620111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00632.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20104695(200008)44:2<246::AID\u2010NEU13>3.0.CO;2\u2010K"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.2372\u201012.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90848.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125462"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902730308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(88)90809\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079\u20106123(05)51013\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1984.51.5.998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00672.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20502"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(04)47009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900390304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361\u20109230(95)02054\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20754"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","first-page":"E5105","article-title":"Optic 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