{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T02:22:39Z","timestamp":1789870959205,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016981","name":"Necmettin Erbakan \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23GAP18003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23GAP18003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Developmental Neurobiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Wnt signaling has increasingly drawn attention in discussions of ADHD, yet the peripheral status of its upstream regulators remains largely uncharted. In this study, we examined circulating levels of four key modulators of this pathway\u2014Dkk\u20101, PORCN, Notum, and Tiki\u20101\u2014in a sample of children and adolescents with an ADHD diagnosis. A total of 158 children and adolescents, comprising 82 with ADHD and 76 healthy controls aged 8\u201318 years, were enrolled. ADHD diagnoses were established according to DSM\u20105 criteria utilizing the K\u2010SADS\u2010PL questionnaire. The severity of ADHD symptoms was assessed using scores from the Turgay DSM\u2010IV\u2010Based Screening and Evaluation Scale for Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders\u2014Parent Form (T\u2010DSM\u2010IV\u2010S). Serum levels of Dkk\u20101, PORCN, Notum, and Tiki\u20101 were quantified using ELISA kits. Children with ADHD demonstrated markedly increased serum concentrations of Dkk\u20101 and Notum relative to controls (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Elevated PORCN levels were also observed; however, this finding should be interpreted with caution (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Tiki\u20101 levels showed no significant difference between the groups. No substantial relationships were detected between serum concentrations of the studied analytes and the severity of ADHD symptoms. The significance of these findings was maintained after adjustment for age and sex. This study extends the literature by examining peripheral concentrations of Dkk\u20101, PORCN, Notum, and Tiki\u20101 in ADHD. The elevated levels of Dkk\u20101 and Notum may reflect alterations in Wnt\u2010related signaling pathways, while the interpretation of PORCN findings remains limited. Taken together, these findings indicate peripheral molecular differences associated with ADHD and provide a basis for future research investigating Wnt\u2010related signaling pathways in ADHD. However, these results should be interpreted as exploratory findings requiring further validation using complementary analytical approaches.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.70042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T06:54:56Z","timestamp":1779951296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Regulators of Wnt Signaling Dkk\u20101 and Notum Are Elevated in Pediatric ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6917-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Co\u015fkun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2018-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015feg\u00fcl Metin","family":"Emre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7729-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"K\u0131l\u0131n\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3451-6764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Osman","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Necmettin Erbakan University Medicine Faculty  Konya 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