{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:00:45Z","timestamp":1790240445300,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK135193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK135193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK124132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK124132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK145439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK145439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Barrier Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intestinal epithelial cells are rapidly renewing barrier cells that maintain compartmentalization between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system through epithelial transport, antimicrobial defense, secretory programs, and cytokine\u2010mediated communication. Emerging evidence suggests that the intestinal epithelium can also retain durable imprints of prior inflammatory, microbial, or metabolic exposures. We refer to this phenomenon as intestinal epithelial memory. This form of memory is likely encoded within stem and progenitor compartments through persistent changes in chromatin accessibility, transcriptional responsiveness, lineage specification, and cellular metabolism. In inflammatory bowel disease, epithelial memory may help explain persistent barrier dysfunction, relapse\u2010prone mucosa, and incomplete epithelial recovery after apparent inflammatory resolution. Human organoid studies show that intestinal stem cells from previously inflamed ulcerative colitis mucosa retain chromatin\u2010based inflammatory memory. Mouse colitis models further show that long\u2010lasting epigenetic imprints in colonic stem cells can generate repair\u2010primed states that promote tumor growth after oncogenic mutation. Microbiota\u2010derived metabolites may represent another class of epithelial memory\u2010shaping cues. This possibility is exemplified by emerging evidence that butyrate can induce sustained epithelial metabolic and epigenetic programs that influence downstream IL\u201010\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses to maintain intestinal immune tolerance. In this Review, we discuss intestinal epithelial memory as a bridge between inflammatory imprinting, epithelial plasticity, mucosal immune regulation, and intestinal disease progression. We propose that durable intestinal health may require not only suppression of active inflammation but also a deeper understanding of how epithelial memory is established, maintained, and potentially redirected.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dni2.70017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:00:40Z","timestamp":1789192840000},"page":"119-130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intestinal Epithelial Memory: From Inflammatory Imprinting to Metabolite\u2010Shaped Immune Tolerance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1541-1892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1948-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianming","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4167-7395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingzi","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Center for Human Immunobiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.010908.163145"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2026.101774"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010026\u201010258\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049347\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj0486"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102024\u2010332043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010026\u201075600\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010026\u201002295\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16460"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564\u2010019\u20100659\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17173"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100257\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101154\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000087107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101237\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.04.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201015342\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010021\u201000661\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3400"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435\u2010021\u201000124\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010024\u201000980\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11163"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2018.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468\u20101253(20)30005\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(19)32545\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102017\u2010314190"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci35073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101844\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010019\u20101856\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102023\u2010329963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10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