{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:48:12Z","timestamp":1785898092696,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,11]],"date-time":"2012-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the presence of alcohol and drugs in drivers severely injured in traffic crashes in six European countries. Data were collected from 2492 seriously injured drivers of cars and vans in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Lithuania, and the Netherlands, between 2007 and 2010. Toxicological analysis was performed with chromatographic techniques on whole blood for 23 substances. The percentage of drivers positive for at least one psychoactive substance ranged between 28% (Lithuania) and 53% (Belgium). Alcohol (\u22650.1\u2009g\/L) was the most common finding with the highest percentage in Belgium (42.5%). Among the alcohol\u2010positive drivers, 90.5% had a blood alcohol count (BAC) \u22650.5\u2009g\/L and 65.7% had a BAC \u22651.3\u2009g\/L. Benzodiazepines (0.0\u201310.2%) and medicinal opioids (0.5\u20137.8%) were the most prevailing medicinal drugs, but half of the concentrations were lower than therapeutic. Cannabis (0.5\u20137.6%) was the most prevailing illicit drug. Alcohol was found in combination with drugs in 2.3\u201013.2% of the drivers. Drug combinations were found in 0.5\u20134.3% of the drivers. This study confirms the high prevalence of psychoactive substances in injured drivers, but we observed large differences between the participating countries. Alcohol was the most common finding, followed by cannabis and benzodiazepines. Notable are the many drivers having a BAC\u2009\u2265\u20091.3\u2009g\/L. The majority of the substances were found in combination with another psychoactive substance, mostly alcohol. The high prevalence of high BACs and combinations (compared to roadside surveys) suggest that those drivers are most at risk and that preventive actions should target them preferentially. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,11]],"date-time":"2012-08-11T03:11:11Z","timestamp":1344654671000},"page":"156-165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Alcohol and drugs in seriously injured drivers in six European countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sara\u2010Ann","family":"Legrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Ghent University  De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Isalberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Ghent University  De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trudy Van","family":"der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology  Vilvoordsesteenweg 100 1120 Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger Marie","family":"Bernhoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport Technical University of Denmark  Bygningstorvet 116B DK \u2010 2800 Kgs. 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Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten Wiese","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine Copenhagen University  Frederik V's Vej 11 DK\u20102100 Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Favretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping University of Padova  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santo Davide","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping University of Padova  Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marija","family":"Caplinskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTMT State Forensic Medicine Service under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania  Didlaukio g. 86E LT \u2010 08303 Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zita","family":"Minkuviene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTMT State Forensic Medicine Service under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania  Didlaukio g. 86E LT \u2010 08303 Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvydas","family":"Pauliukevicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTMT State Forensic Medicine Service under the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania  Didlaukio g. 86E LT \u2010 08303 Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoerd","family":"Houwing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research  P.O. 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