{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1770740228374,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Workplace drug testing (WDT) was established in Italy on 30 October 2007. Two tiers of survey are required: the first tier concerns drug testing on urine samples, the second involves both urine and hair analysis. Between July 2008 and December 2011, 10 598 workers\u2019 urine samples and 72 hair samples for opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, methylenedioxyamphetamines, methadone, and buprenorphine were tested in our laboratory. Urine analyses were performed by immunological screening (EMIT); hair analysis and confirmation tests in urine were performed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS). Employees tested positive in urine for drugs of abuse numbered 2.8% in 2008, 2.03% in 2009, 1.62% in 2010, and 1.43% in 2011. As regards the second level of analysis, we observed that only one\u2010third of the workers who had been tested positive for drugs of abuse were referred to an Addiction Treatment Unit in order to verify drug addiction. Our experience shows that, four years after approval of the law on WDT, the percentage of workers positive for drugs of abuse in urine has reduced in comparison to the first year. Moreover, our data show that most of the times employees who tested positive are tardily referred or not referred at all to a Public Addiction Treatment Unit to verify drug addiction. This makes us believe that the legal provisions are widely disregarded not paying the right tribute to the fact that Italy is one of few European countries with legislation on WDT. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]],"date-time":"2013-01-25T15:00:07Z","timestamp":1359126007000},"page":"208-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Workplace drug testing in Italy \u2013 critical considerations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Vignali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Stramesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvia","family":"Pozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Collo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Groppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Neurosciences Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia  Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00445-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"European Workplace Drug Testing Society.European Laboratory Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing. Available at:http:\/\/www.ewdts.org\/guidelines.html[16 April2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","article-title":"99\/CU del 30 ottobre 2007. Intesa ai sensi dell'articolo 8 comma 6, della legge 5 giugno 2003, n. 131, in materia di accertamento di assenza di tossicodipendenza","volume":"266","author":"Provvedimento n","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","article-title":"178\/CSR del 18 settembre 2008. Accordo, ai sensi dell'articolo 8 comma 2 dell'Intesa in materia di accertamento di assenza di tossicodipendenza, perfezionata nella seduta della Conferenza Unificata del 30 ottobre 2007","volume":"236","author":"Provvedimento n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00164-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.Legal status of drug testing in the workplace. Available at:http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/html.cfm\/index16901EN.html[16 April2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"London Toxicology Group.United Kingdom Laboratory Guidelines for legally defensible workplace drug testing. Available at:http:\/\/www.ltg.uk.net\/admin\/files\/WPDT_guidelines.pdf[16 April2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqi017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.2011 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe. EMCDDA Lisbon November 2011. Available at:http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/annual\u2010report\/2011[16 April2012]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2004.00217.x"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.1458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.1458","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:40:53Z","timestamp":1760384453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.1458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.1458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1458","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,25]]}}}