{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T23:03:45Z","timestamp":1790291025203,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1378684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship of drug concentrations between oral fluid and whole blood was evaluated by studying the linear correlation of concentrations and calculating the oral fluid to blood concentration ratios (OF\/B) for different substances. Paired oral fluid and whole blood samples were collected from volunteers and persons suspected of drug use in four European countries. Oral fluid samples were collected with the Saliva\u2219Sampler\u2122 device. All samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse and psychoactive medicines with validated gas and liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometric methods. The median OF\/B ratios were, for amphetamines 19\u201322, for opioids 1.8\u201311, for cocaine and metabolites 1.7\u201317, for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 14, for benzodiazepines 0.035\u20130.33, and for other psychoactive medicines 0.24\u20133.7. Most of the these results were close to theoretical values based on the physicochemical properties of the drugs and to values presented earlier, but there was a lot of inter\u2010individual variation in the OF\/B ratios. For all substances, except for lorazepam (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.031) and THC (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.030), a correlation between the oral fluid and whole blood concentrations was observed. Due to large variation seen here, drug findings in oral fluid should not be used to estimate the corresponding concentrations in whole blood (or vice versa). However, detection of drugs in oral fluid is a sign of recent drug use and oral fluid can be used for qualitative detection of several drugs, e.g. in epidemiological prevalence studies. By optimizing the sampling and the analytical cut\u2010offs, the potential of oral fluid as a confirmation matrix could be enhanced. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]],"date-time":"2013-09-09T12:46:39Z","timestamp":1378730799000},"page":"461-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kaarina","family":"Langel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Alcohol, Drugs, and Addiction National Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallvard","family":"Gjerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Favretto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pirjo","family":"Lillsunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lifestyle and Participation National Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Leere","family":"\u00d8iestad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research Norwegian Institute of Public Health  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santo Davide","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain G.","family":"Verstraete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Ghent University and Laboratory of Clinical Biology, Ghent University Hospital  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"T.Blencowe A.Pehrsson P.Lillsunde.Analytical Evaluation of Oral Fluid Screening Devices and Preceding Selection Procedures. DRUID Deliverable D3.2.2 National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2012.193193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18346.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157341208786306180"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.108670"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157341207780598931"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Drug testing in oral fluid","volume":"27","author":"Drummer O.H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(97)00572-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318167d563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of drugs of abuse in saliva","volume":"11","author":"Samyn N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00032710802053815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb18347.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2005.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/21.6.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/28.6.394"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181f2b729"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/49.1.121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e3181ae46ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.4.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"H.Schulze M.Schumacher R.Urmeew K.Auerbach J.Alvarez I.M.Bernhoft et al.Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Alcohol and Medicines in Europe \u2010 Findings from the DRUID Project European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction Lisbon 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.6.393"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/anatox\/35.4.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-010-3463-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.2356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","unstructured":"S.D.Ferrara D.Favretto M.Montisci S.Vogliardi G.Stocchero G.Viel et al.inPrevalence of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substances in Drivers in General Traffic. Part II: Country Reports. DRUID Deliverable D2.2.3 (Eds: S. Houwing M. Hagenzieker R. Mathijssen I.M. Bernhoft T. Hels K. Janstrup T. Van der Linden S.\u2010A. Legrand A.G. Verstraete) SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research Leidschendam 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"S.D.Ferrara D.Favretto M.Montisci S.Vogliardi G.Stocchero G.Viel et al.inPrevalence of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substances in Drivers in Injured and Killed Drivers. DRUID Deliverable D2.2.5 (Eds: C. Isalberti T. Van der Linden S.\u2010A. Legrand A.G. Verstraete I.M. Bernhoft T. Hels M.N. Olesen S. Houwing M. Houtenbos R. Mathijssen) University of Ghent Ghent 2011 pp.251\u2013271."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2011.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"S.Houwing M.Hagenzieker R.Mathijssen I.M.Bernhoft T.Hels K.Janstrup et al.Prevalence of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substances in Drivers in General Traffic. DRUID Report D2.2.3 SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research Leidschendam 2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.03.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsisup.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200408000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt19741661052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-198208000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","unstructured":"A.G.Verstraete E.Raes.ROSITA\u20102 Project Final Report Academia Press Ghent 2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/31.5.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.9.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.5.289"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.164822"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.7.416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons","author":"Moffat A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1384.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdd.2510050205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02497311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","volume-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt R.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","unstructured":"J.S\u00e4il\u00e4.Comparing the Concentrations of Drugs and Medicines in Whole Blood Plasma and Saliva Samples of Drivers Suspected of Driving Under the Influence Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Helsinki 2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","unstructured":"F.Couper B.Logan.Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-84-4-420"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.1532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.1532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:11:13Z","timestamp":1760440273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.1532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.1532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1532","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,9]]}}}