{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:10:17Z","timestamp":1778753417795,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]],"date-time":"2013-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A major toxicological challenge is distinguishing whether morphine in urine, in the absence of 6\u2010monoacetylmorphine (6\u2010MAM), originates from \u2018street\u2019 heroin use or poppy seed ingestion. Manufacturing byproducts from the synthesis of illicit heroin include those that originate from the reaction of acetic anhydride with the alkaloid impurity, thebaine, which undergoes skeletal rearrangement, resulting in compounds with a 2\u2010(<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylacetamido)ethyl side\u2010chain. The hypothesis that the tertiary amide in this side\u2010chain is resistant to endogenous hydrolysis was supported from <jats:italic>in\u2010vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments; a glucuronide metabolite (designated \u2018ATM4G\u2019) was identified that may be used as a marker of \u2018street\u2019 heroin administration. Liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2010MS\/MS) analysis for this metabolite was then performed on selected urine specimens from 22 known heroin users, these being negative on routine testing for 6\u2010MAM by gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS), using the generally applied reporting threshold of 10\u2009ng\/mL, but positive for the presence of morphine. Peaks corresponding to the retention time for the metabolite marker were clearly observed for 16 of the 22 samples, with variations of the ratios of its three dependent ions being within\u2009\u00b1\u200930% of that produced <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Conversely, 6\u2010MAM was detected in only 3 samples, but at concentrations &lt;1\u2009ng\/mL. Such a high frequency for the presence of the metabolite marker in urine, in the absence of 6\u2010MAM, is noteworthy and suggests that detection of this metabolite may offer an important advance in forensic toxicology, allowing the development of a new and more definitive test for heroin abuse and thus a potential solution to the so\u2010called \u2018poppy seed defense\u2019. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,12]],"date-time":"2013-12-12T03:42:09Z","timestamp":1386819729000},"page":"194-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The poppy seed defense: a novel solution"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Analytical and Environmental Sciences (Department of Forensic and Analytical Science) FWB, King's College London  SE1 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. 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