{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T18:17:31Z","timestamp":1790360251249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Workplace Drug Testing (WDT) in Italy includes two levels of monitoring: a first stage concerning drug testing on urine samples and a second involving both urine and hair analysis. The second stage is performed only on workers who tested positive at the first level. We analyzed urine and hair specimens from 120 workers undergoing second\u2010level testing between 2009 and 2012. Eighty percent of them had tested positive for cannabinoids during the first level analysis, and 15.8% for cocaine. Both urine and hair samples were analyzed in order to find the following drugs of abuse: amphetamines, buprenorphine, cannabinoids, cocaine, ecstasy, methadone, and opiates. Urine analyses were performed by immunological screening (EMIT); urine confirmatory tests and hair analyses were performed by gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS). As regards second\u2010stage testing on urine samples, 71.2% of workers were always negative, whereas 23.9% tested positive at least once for cannabinoids and 2.5% for cocaine. Hair analyses produced surprising results: 61.9% of hair samples tested negative, only 6.2% tested positive for cannabinoids, whereas 28.8% tested positive for cocaine. These findings confirm that second\u2010level surveillance of WDT, which includes hair analysis, is very effective because it highlights drug intake \u2013 sometimes heavy \u2013 that cannot be revealed only through urine analyses. The employees for whom drug addiction is proved can begin rehabilitation, while keeping their job. Eventually, our results confirmed the widespread and undeclared use of cocaine in Italy. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T17:48:40Z","timestamp":1395337720000},"page":"173-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Workplace drug testing in Italy: Findings about second\u2010stage testing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Vignali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine  University of Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Stramesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine  University of Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine  University of Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"San Bartolomeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Local Health Authority Addiction Department  Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Groppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine  University of Pavia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Provvedimento n. 99\/CU del 30 ottobre 2007. Intesa ai sensi dell'articolo 8 comma 6 della legge 5 giugno 2003 n. 131 in materia di accertamento di assenza di tossicodipendenza.Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana2007 266."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"Provvedimento n. 178\/CSR del 18 settembre 2008. Accordo ai sensi dell'articolo 8 comma 2 dell'Intesa in materia di accertamento di assenza di tossicodipendenza perfezionata nella seduta della Conferenza Unificata del 30 ottobre 2007.Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana2008 236."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00164-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"European Workplace Drug Testing Society.European Laboratory Guidelines for Legally Defensible Workplace Drug Testing. Available at:http:\/\/www.ewdts.org\/guidelines.html[28 October2013]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1458"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2011.Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe. EMCDDA Lisbon November2011. Available at:http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/publications\/annual\u2010report\/2012[28 October2013]"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.04.020"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.1640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.1640","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T21:53:16Z","timestamp":1760392396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.1640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.1640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1640","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]}}}