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They have potential to cause biotransformations affecting compound\u2010to\u2010metabolite ratios within the human body, especially after death. Investigation of postmortem effects could supply valuable information, especially concerning compound identification and confirmation. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis,<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic> on diazepam and flunitrazepam in Reinforced Clostridial Medium, and to compare bacterial biotransformation products to those of human metabolism. A decrease in diazepam concentration between pre\u2010 and post\u2010incubation was observed for samples inoculated with <jats:italic>Escherichia coli (<\/jats:italic>14.7\u201320.2%) as well as <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis<\/jats:italic> (13.9\u201325.7%); however there was no corresponding increase in concentration for the monitored human metabolites. Flunitrazepam demonstrated a greater concentration loss when incubated with individual bacterial species as well as mixed culture (79.2\u2013100.0%). Samples incubated with <jats:italic>Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens,<\/jats:italic> and mixed culture resulted in nearly complete conversion of flunitrazepam. Increased 7\u2010aminoflunitrazepam concentrations accounted for the majority of the conversion; however discrepancies in the mass balance of the reaction suggested the possibility of a minor metabolite that was not monitored in the current analysis. These experiments served as a pilot study and proof of concept that can be adapted and applied to a realm of possibilities. Ultimately, this methodology would be ideal to study compounds that are too toxic or lethal for animal and human metabolic investigations. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]],"date-time":"2014-03-24T22:53:04Z","timestamp":1395701584000},"page":"75-82","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Production of human metabolites by gastrointestinal bacteria as a potential source of post\u2010mortem alteration of antemortem drug\/metabolite concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stephanie M.","family":"Martindale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edgewood Chemical Biological Center  E3400 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground Gunpowder 21010 MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Connecticut DPS Controlled Substances and Toxicology Laboratory  278 Colony Street Meriden Connecticut 006451 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne C.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry\/Forensic Chemistry West Virginia University  1600 University Ave, 208 Oglebay Hall Morgantown 26506 WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration U.S. Department of Justice.Drugs of Abuse. 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