{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:20:25Z","timestamp":1789698025226,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Even though hair analysis often seems to be the best choice for retrospective monitoring of cocaine intake, differentiating between incorporated cocaine and external contamination is widely debated. In this study we report results obtained in 90 hair samples from addicts. All samples were analyzed for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, norcocaine, cocaethylene, and tropococaine by gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry (GC\u2010MS) techniques coupled with direct immersion solid\u2010phase micro\u2010extraction. Cocaine concentrations were stratified into three classes of usage: light (0.5\u20133 ng\/mg), moderate (3.1\u201310 ng\/mg) and heavy (10.1\u201340 ng\/mg). The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration cut\u2010off criteria for establishing active cocaine use were applied to the results. For all samples criteria were cocaine levels above 0.5 ng\/mg (ranging from 1.63 to 39.29 ng\/mg, mean 9.49 ng\/mg), benzoylecgonine concentrations \u2265 0.05 ng\/mg (ranging from 0.19 to 5.77 ng\/mg, mean 1.40), and benzoylecgonine to cocaine % ratio \u22655% (from 6.43 to 26.09%). Norcocaine was present in 58.9% of samples (concentration range: 0.22\u20133.14 ng\/mg) and was strongly predictive only of heavy cocaine use (sensitivity 100% for cocaine concentrations above 9.58 ng\/mg). Twenty hair samples from moderate and heavy users tested positive for cocaethylene (concentration range: 0.22\u20131.98 ng\/mg, mean 0.73 ng\/mg). This study on hair samples with no chance of false positive cases highlights the very limited applications of testing minor cocaine metabolites for definitive proof of active cocaine consumption. \u00a9 2015 The Authors. <jats:italic>Drug Testing and Analysis<\/jats:italic> Published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T03:20:52Z","timestamp":1448940052000},"page":"161-167","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Norcocaine and cocaethylene distribution patterns in hair samples from light, moderate, and heavy cocaine users"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Gambelunghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section University of Perugia  Via Gambuli\u2010 06132 Sant'Andrea delle Fratte\u2010Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section Catholic University of the Sacred Heart  Largo Francesco Vito, 1\u2010 00168 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriaki","family":"Aroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section University of Perugia  Via Gambuli\u2010 06132 Sant'Andrea delle Fratte\u2010Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessio","family":"Gili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health Section University of Perugia  Via del Giochetto 06122 Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Bacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, Forensic Medicine, Forensic Science and Sports Medicine Section University of Perugia  Via Gambuli\u2010 06132 Sant'Andrea delle Fratte\u2010Perugia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Pascali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section Catholic University of the Sacred Heart  Largo Francesco Vito, 1\u2010 00168 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Fucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Institute, Forensic Medicine Section Catholic University of the Sacred Heart  Largo Francesco Vito, 1\u2010 00168 Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02532.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2013.824477"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"A Review of Methodology for Testing Hair for Cocaine","volume":"2","author":"Harrison R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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