{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:22:55Z","timestamp":1790018575098,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>New psychoactive substances (NPS) pose a challenge for forensic and clinical toxicologists, as well as for legislators. We present our findings from cases where NPS have been detected in biological material. During the three\u2010year period 2012\u20132014 we found NPS in 112 cases (out of 1058 analyzed), with 75 cases in 2014 alone. The prevalence of all NPS (15.1\u201317.6%) was similar to amphetamine alone that was detected in 15.1\u201316.5% of cases. The new drugs found belonged to the following classes: cathinones (88%), synthetic cannabinoids (5%), phenethylamines (3%), piperazines and piperidines (3%), arylalkylamines (1%) and other (1%). The drugs detected were (in the order of decreased frequency): 3\u2010MMC (50), \u03b1\u2010pyrrolidinopentiophenone (\u03b1\u2010PVP) (23), pentedrone (16), 3',4'\u2010methylenedioxy\u2010\u03b1\u2010pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP) (12), synthetic cannabinoid UR\u2010144 (7), ethcathinone (5), mephedrone (5), methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) (4), 4\u2010methylethcathinone (4\u2010MEC) (3), buphedrone (3), desoxypipradrol (2\u2010DPMP) (3), methylone (2) and 2C\u2010B (2). In single cases, 2\u2010methylmethcathinone (2\u2010MMC), 2C\u2010P, eutylone, 25I\u2010NBOMe, meta\u2010chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), ephedrone, methiopropamine (MPA), and 5\u2010(2\u2010aminopropyl)benzofuran (5\u2010APB) were found. One NPS was the sole agent in 35% of all cases, and two or more NPS were present in 19% of cases. NPS (one or more) with other conventional drugs (like amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, and benzodiazepines) were detected in most (65%) of the cases. NPS were very often detected in the blood of drivers which was a challenge for toxicologists due to a lack of data on their influence on psychomotor performance. A review of concentrations showed a wide range of values in different types of cases, especially driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and intoxication. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]],"date-time":"2015-12-14T22:15:33Z","timestamp":1450131333000},"page":"63-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["The prevalence of new psychoactive substances in biological material \u2013 a three\u2010year review of casework in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Piotr","family":"Adamowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Giero\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominika","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Lechowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Skulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Tokarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Forensic Research  Westerplatte 9 31\u2010033 Krakow Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"New psychoactive substances in Europe.An update from the EU Early Warning System European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Abuse (EMCDDA) Lisbon March 2015. Available at:http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_235958_EN_TD0415135ENN.pdf[30 October 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"European Drug Report Trends and developments European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Abuse (EMCDDA) Lisbon 2014.www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_228272_EN_TDAT14001ENN.pdf[30 October 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1815"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","unstructured":"Report of the Chief Sanitary Inspector of the drug substitutes \u2010 three years working against \u2018legal highs\u2019 in Poland Chief Sanitary Inspector Warsaw 2013.http:\/\/www.gis.gov.pl\/ckfinder\/userfiles\/files\/%C5%9Arodki%20Zast%C4%99pcze\/raport2013.pdf[30 October 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"Report of the Chief Sanitary Inspector of the drug substitutes \u2010 together against \u2018legal highs\u2019 2013\u20132014 Chief Sanitary Inspector Warsaw 2014.http:\/\/www.gis.gov.pl\/ckfinder\/userfiles\/files\/BI\/GIS_raport_2013\u20102014.pdf[30 October 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks085"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2011.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Usefulness of the initial medical examination on matters relating to persons suspected of driving under the influence of amphetamine and its analogs or \u22069\u2010tetrahydrocannabinol based on the materials the Department of Forensic Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin","volume":"59","author":"Wolski S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinsis"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2014.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","unstructured":"EMCDDA\u2013Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 1\u2010phenyl\u20102\u2010(1\u2010pyrrolidinyl)\u20101\u2010pentanone (\u03b1\u2010PVP) European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Abuse (EMCDDA) Lisbon 2015.http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_242501_EN_TDAS15001ENN.pdf[30 October 2015]"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt025"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.2999"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.772191"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"New psychoactive substances \u2013 a contemporary challenge for forensic toxicologists","volume":"100","author":"Zuba D.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Problems of Forensic Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15389588.2015.1018990"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.1924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.1924","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T09:59:11Z","timestamp":1760349551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.1924"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.1924"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.1924","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,14]]}}}