{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T03:28:29Z","timestamp":1773631709164,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,22]],"date-time":"2016-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1469145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":82,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment","award":["RT 12\/3 CROSSCONTAM 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT 12\/3 CROSSCONTAM 1"]}]},{"name":"Federal Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment","award":["RT 14\/2 BIOCAMRISK 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RT 14\/2 BIOCAMRISK 1"]}]},{"name":"Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT)","award":["IWT-SB\/141290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IWT-SB\/141290"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The widespread use of antibiotics in animals is causing concerns about the growing risk for development and the spread of antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria. Antibiotic consumption is higher in animals than in humans as reported in a joint publication of EFSA (European Food Safety Agency), ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control), and EMA (European Medicines Agency) using data from 2011 and 2012. Both in humans and animals, positive associations between the consumption of antibiotics and resistant bacteria are observed. Responsible use of antibiotics in humans and animals should therefore be promoted. In this paper some general aspects of antibiotic resistance such as microbiological versus clinical resistance, intrinsic versus acquired resistance, resistance mechanisms, and transfer of resistance are briefly introduced. In 2012, the Belgian Center of Expertise on Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Animals (AMCRA) was founded. Its mission is to collect and analyze all data related to antibiotic use and resistance in animals in Belgium and to communicate these findings in a neutral and objective manner. One of AMCRA's 10 objectives is a 50% reduction in antibiotic consumption in veterinary medicine in Belgium by 2020. The aim of this paper is to report on the achievements of this national project. The Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO, Merelbeke\u2010Melle), in collaboration with Ghent University, is currently working on three nationally funded projects on antibiotic resistance in animal husbandry. In the first project, an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model is used to study the influence of low antibiotic concentrations due to carry\u2010over after production and usage of medicated feed on the development of resistance in the pig gut. Part of that project is to develop a quantitative risk assessment model. A second project focuses on tracking excreted antibiotics used in pig rearing and their influence on the development of antibiotic resistance in pig manure and the environment. In the last project, the relation between the use of biocides in animal husbandry and antibiotic resistance development are being studied. 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