{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:18:11Z","timestamp":1767835091547,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,3]],"date-time":"2016-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001655","name":"Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dextromethorphan is an N\u2010methyl\u2010D\u2010aspartate (NMDA) non\u2010competitive antagonist commonly used in human medicine as an antitussive. Dextromethorphan is metabolized in humans by cytochrome P450 2D6 into dextrorphan, which is reported to be more potent than the parent compound. The goal of this study is to describe the metabolism of and determine the pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and its major metabolites following oral administration to horses. A total of 23 horses received a single oral dose of 2\u2009mg\/kg. Blood samples were collected at time 0 and at various times up to 96\u2009h post drug administration. Urine samples were collected from 12 horses up to 120\u2009h post administration. Plasma and urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry, and the resulting data analyzed using non\u2010compartmental analysis. The C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, T<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>, and the t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> of dextromethorphan were 519.4\u2009ng\/mL, 0.55\u2009h, and 12.4\u2009h respectively. The area under the curve of dextromethorphan, free dextrorphan, and conjugated dextrorphan were 563.8, 2.19, and 6,691\u2009h*ng\/mL respectively. In addition to free and glucuronidated dextrorphan, several additional glucuronide metabolites were identified in plasma, including hydroxyl\u2010desmethyl dextrorphan, desmethyl dextrorphan, and three forms of hydroxylated dextrorphan. Dextromethorphan was found to be eliminated from the urine predominately as the O\u2010demethylated metabolite, dextrorphan. Several additional metabolites including several novel hydroxy\u2010dextrorphan metabolites were also detected in the urine in both free and glucuronidated forms. No significant undesirable behavioural effects were noted throughout the duration of the study. Copyright \u00a9 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T06:57:18Z","timestamp":1472713038000},"page":"880-887","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of dextromethorphan and its metabolites in horses following a single oral administration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Carley R.","family":"Corado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis CA 95620 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"McKemie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. Maddy Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California  Davis CA 95620 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K.L. 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