{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T01:18:08Z","timestamp":1760404688794,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,10]],"date-time":"2017-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1486684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Lithium salts are commonly prescribed to treat bipolar disorder in humans. They are effective for the treatment of acute mania and the prophylaxis of manic relapses through long\u2010term use. Although there is no reported legitimate therapeutic use of lithium in horses, its potential mood\u2010stabilizing effect, low cost, and ready availability make lithium salt a potential agent of abuse in equine sports, especially for equestrian competition horses. Lithium can be found in soil, plants, and water, as such it is naturally present in the equine body, thus a threshold is necessary to control its misuse in horses. This paper describes the validation of quantification methods for lithium in equine urine and plasma using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP\u2010MS). Based on a population study of lithium in horse urine and an administration study using a single oral dose of lithium chloride (100\u00a0mg) to mimic the daily lithium intake from a diet rich in lithium, a urinary threshold of 5\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL was proposed. Applying this urinary threshold to two other administration studies (a single oral dose of 65\u00a0g of lithium chloride, and a single intravenous dose of 2.54\u00a0g of lithium chloride), excessive lithium in urine could be detected for 8\u00a0days and 2.5\u00a0days respectively. The concentrations of lithium in plasma following these three lithium chloride administration trials were also studied. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,5]],"date-time":"2017-01-05T02:56:44Z","timestamp":1483585004000},"page":"1407-1411","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Doping control analysis of lithium in horse urine and plasma by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timmy L. 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Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-7079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai Him","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N. T. Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary N. W.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racing Laboratory The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N. T. Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Curl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Regulation &amp; Biosecurity Policy The Hong Kong Jockey Club  Sha Tin Racecourse Sha Tin N. T. Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3779-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terence S. 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