{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1763037062300,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,31]],"date-time":"2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic use of opioid medications has been reported to cause altered sexual function. It is not known if non\u2010opioid pain medications have similar effects. Assessment of this effect through the measurement of concentrations of free hormones is limited. Positivity of opioid medications (hydrocodone, oxycodone, morphine, methadone, tramadol and fentanyl) and non\u2010opioid pain medications (gabapentin or pregabalin) in human serum and plasma samples from adult men and women were evaluated for association with concentrations of free testosterone (fTe) and free estradiol (fE2) measured using equilibrium dialysis\u2010liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry methods. Lower concentrations of fTe (p = 0.0253) were observed in samples positive for the hydrocodone, oxycodone and morphine group compared to age matched controls. The presence of methadone, tramadol, fentanyl and pregabalin had no effect on fTe. When compared with age\u2010matched controls, women between 48\u201355 years of age showed reduced fE2 concentrations in samples positive for tramadol, fentanyl and gabapentin (p = 0.0243, 0.0045 and 0.0050, respectively). Particular opioid medications such as methadone, tramadol or fentanyl and non\u2010opioid medications such as pregabalin or gabapentin may offer advantages over opioid medications for treating pain with fewer endocrinologic side effects. Measurement of free hormones in pain medication users could be important in determining their association with sexual function. Copyright \u00a9 2017 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,9]],"date-time":"2017-02-09T15:14:58Z","timestamp":1486653298000},"page":"1555-1560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An exploratory study Evaluating the impact of opioid and non\u2010opioid pain medications on serum\/plasma free testosterone and free estradiol concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1329-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Ray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology  500 Chipeta Way Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark M.","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology  500 Chipeta Way Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. 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