{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:44:28Z","timestamp":1790279068999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,29]],"date-time":"2010-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Widespread public perception is that illicit drugs contain substances that are a serious risk to health, even though adulterants are often not considered in clinical or forensic toxicology. This review attempts to present an evidence\u2010based overview of adulterants in illicit drugs, and their associated toxicity. Adulterants are deliberately added to increase bulk, enhance or mimic a pharmacological effect, or to facilitate drug delivery. Those present unintentionally are as a result of poor manufacturing techniques. From the reports gathered, adulterants are predominantly substances which are readily available, commonly being caffeine, procaine, paracetamol, and sugars. These are likely to have minimal impact on users' health at low dosages. Other adulterants, particularly in injectable drugs, have the potential to cause serious health issues, but the quantities reported, such as strychnine in heroin, are not life\u2010threatening. The most commonly identified bacterial contaminants identified are Bacillus and Clostridium species. When death or serious illness due to adulteration occurs, circulation of information is particularly vital, such as in the USA regarding heroin and cocaine adulterated with fentanyl, and in Scotland recently regarding anthrax contaminated heroin.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The complex interactions of supply, demand, and control of illicit drugs have a tangible impact on their adulteration. Continuing vigilance and the circulation of information is, therefore, desirable as a public health issue. As part of that strategy, analyses performed for adulterants needs to be encouraged, which are considerably limited in number and scope at the moment. Copyright \u00a9 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,29]],"date-time":"2010-12-29T05:17:36Z","timestamp":1293599856000},"page":"89-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Adulterants in illicit drugs: a review of empirical evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"McVeigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kicman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qutub","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/079beef9-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"437","volume":"21","author":"Berridge V.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Victorian Stud."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826086909061998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359709004344"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"18","volume":"8","author":"Coomber R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359909004390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350412331323065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359709005261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","author":"Evrard I.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260603600310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"3","volume":"5","author":"Strang J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Addict. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","volume-title":"Pusher Myths: Re\u2010situating the Drug Dealer","author":"Coomber R.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90053-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","volume-title":"Rules and Guidance for Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Distributors 2007","author":"Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"141","volume":"54","author":"Reuter P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"B. Narcotics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","volume-title":"CUT: A Guide to Adulterants, Bulking Agents and Other Contaminants Found in Illicit Drugs","author":"Cole C.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"203","volume":"9","author":"Huizer H.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pharm. World Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5849.354-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","first-page":"755","volume":"316","author":"Parras F.","year":"1987","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"178","volume":"8","author":"Coomber R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J.Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/009145099702400204","volume":"24","author":"Coomber R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contemp. Drug Probl."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"65","volume":"27","author":"Eskes D.","year":"1975","journal-title":"B. Narcotics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.285.6340.478"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02532.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2003.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(98)00102-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000180227.04137.3c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0707784"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","volume-title":"Contamination of Herbal or Skunk\u2010type Cannabis with Glass Beads","author":"National Health Service","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","volume-title":"A Growing Market: The Domestic Cultivation of Cannabis","author":"Hough M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563657608988120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.16.3.194"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.424"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","volume-title":"Anthrax Outbreak Information","author":"Health Protection Scotland","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03133-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","volume-title":"Understanding Drug Selling in Local Communities","author":"May T.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-200510000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","volume-title":"Harm Reduction Programmes in Europe","author":"Sedefov R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(03)00083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","first-page":"29","volume":"44","author":"Chaudron\u2010Thozet H.","year":"1992","journal-title":"B. Narcotics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(91)90132-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(84)90014-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050737"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","first-page":"121","volume":"41","author":"Gomez J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"B. Narcotics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11822J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90228-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(96)02089-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230120092698"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","volume-title":"Methylamphetamine in Victoria 2004\u20132007: Forms and Purity. Ecstasy and Related Drug Trends Bulletin, April 2008","author":"Quinn C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9533758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00419-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400040108032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.263.6.797"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1982.tb08416.x","volume":"36","author":"Fitzsimons E. J.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brit. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","first-page":"72","volume":"9","author":"Masoodi M.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","first-page":"379","volume":"31","author":"Norton R. L.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","first-page":"225","volume":"18","author":"Verheij J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14525J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.17.2190"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01208-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350009009521"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)90143-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(94)90044-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.218.12.1830b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","first-page":"793","volume":"54","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2005","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2008.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650802139948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100102441"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-6-30"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","volume-title":"Australian Drug Trends 2007. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). Australian Drug Trends Series No. 1","author":"National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2002426"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100000227"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1344-6223(02)00096-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199809000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-3-278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061336"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01833.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ewjm.173.2.82-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-11-971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/383471"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00452.x"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.220","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:52:02Z","timestamp":1760363522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,29]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.220","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,29]]}}}