{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T21:09:45Z","timestamp":1773954585073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]],"date-time":"2017-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 104\u20102410\u2010H\u2010037\u2010004\u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 104\u20102410\u2010H\u2010037\u2010004\u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"Consumption of Ephedra alkaloids is prohibited in\u2010competition by the World Anti\u2010Doping Agency (WADA). In Taiwan, colds are often treated with Chinese herbal formulae containing Herba Ephedrae. We screened products sold in Taiwan and preliminarily assessed their relationships with WADA threshold violations. Fifty\u2010six concentrated powder products, including 19 Chinese herbal formulae that contained Herba Ephedrae, were collected. The content of Ephedra alkaloids, namely ephedrine (E), methylephedrine (ME), norpseudoephedrine (NPE; cathine), pseudoephedrine (PE), and norephedrine (NE; phenylpropanolamine), was determined using a validated high\u2010performance liquid chromatography method. The results revealed that the phenotypic indicators of the collected products, E\/PE and E\/total ratios, were 1.52\u20134.70 and 0.49\u20130.72, respectively, indicating that the Herba Ephedrae species in these products was probably E. sinica<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> or E. equisetina<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>, but not E. intermedia<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. The contents of E, ME, NPE, PE, and NE and the total alkaloid contents in the daily doses of the products were 0.45\u201334.97, 0.05\u20134.87, 0.04\u20133.61, 0.15\u201312.09, and 0.01\u20132.00\u00a0mg and 0.68\u201353.64\u00a0mg, respectively. The alkaloid contents followed a relatively consistent order (E\u00a0>\u00a0PE\u00a0>\u00a0ME \u2248 NPE\u00a0>\u00a0NE), even for products from different manufacturers. We calculated that single doses of 50.0% and 3.6% of the products would result in the WADA thresholds of E and NPE being exceeded, respectively. Our data provide critical information for athletes and medical personnel, who should be wary of using complex Chinese herbal formulae in addition to over\u2010the\u2010counter products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,26]],"date-time":"2017-04-26T03:28:47Z","timestamp":1493177327000},"page":"350-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ephedra alkaloid contents of Chinese herbal formulae sold in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8025-1755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih\u2010Wei","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Szu\u2010Yun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science National Taiwan Sport University Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guan\u2010Qian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science National Taiwan Sport University Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-8641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei\u2010Chich","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Sports Science National Taiwan Sport University Taoyuan Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency.2015Anti\u2010Doping Testing Figures. Available at:https:\/\/www.wada\u2010ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/2015_wada_anti\u2010doping_testing_figures_report_0.pdf[14 Feburary 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(91)90119-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency.2017List of prohibited substances and methods. Available at:https:\/\/www.wada\u2010ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/2016\u201009\u201029_\u2010_wada_prohibited_list_2017_eng_final.pdf[14 February 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"World Anti\u2010Doping Agency.2017Monitoring program. 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