{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:37:00Z","timestamp":1780501020808,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clandestine heroin laboratories have been a feature of the Malaysian illicit drug scene since soon after the abuse of heroin emerged in 1972. The first few clandestine heroin laboratories which synthesised heroin via the acetylation of imported morphine were uncovered in 1973 and 1977. By the mid\u20101980s, this type of laboratory was replaced by heroin\u2010cutting laboratories whereby imported high\u2010grade heroin was cut to street heroin. This was to meet the rising demand for the drug owing to the rapid escalation of the number of drug users. Over the years, the most significant change in the composition of the street heroin is the decrease in its purity from 30%\u201350% to 3%\u20135%. Caffeine has remained the major adulterant and chloroquine is detected in virtually all recent seizures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,2]],"date-time":"2017-07-02T23:16:33Z","timestamp":1499037393000},"page":"109-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Heroin in Malaysia and Singapore"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Maimonah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Malaysia  Petaling Jaya Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanitha","family":"Kunalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Malaysia  Petaling Jaya Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeline T. W.","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group Health Sciences Authority  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy J. L.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group Health Sciences Authority  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joey Joo Yee","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group Health Sciences Authority  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Wei Xiong","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group Health Sciences Authority  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. B.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illicit Drugs Laboratory, Applied Sciences Group Health Sciences Authority  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Department of Chemistry Malaysia.Annual reports of the Department of Chemistry Malaysia (DOCM) 1965 to 1977."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"History of illicit drug use in Malaysia \u2013 a review","volume":"1","author":"Gill JS","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Addiction Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600883354"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.22452\/jummec.vol11no1.2","article-title":"A fifty\u2010year challenge in managing drug addiction in Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Rusdi AR","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Health and Translational Medicine (JUMMEC)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"403","volume-title":"The Analysis of Drugs of Abuse","author":"Gough TA","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"25","author":"Royal Hong Kong Police","year":"1974","journal-title":"Drug Enforcement"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Terminology and Information on Drugs","author":"UNODC","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00091-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02927.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"271","volume":"23","year":"1990","journal-title":"Microgram Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"A brief history of drug analysis in Malaysia","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"DrugNetAsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11002J","article-title":"Illicitly imported heroin products: Some physical and chemical features indicative of their origin. Part II","volume":"30","author":"O'Neil PJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","unstructured":"US Department of Justice.Opium poppy cultivation and heroin processing in Southeast Asia US Department of Justice Washington DC 20537 USA September1992:22."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Heroin in Houston","volume":"27","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microgram Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","unstructured":"The Star Online.Two Malaysians busted with almost 100 kg of drugs in Thailand.http:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/videos\/2016\/12\/18\/two\u2010malaysians\u2010busted\u2010with\u2010almost\u2010100kg\u2010of\u2010drugs\u2010in\u2010thailand\/. [6 January 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"The Star Online.Bus ticket seller duo busted for drug trafficking.http:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/videos\/2016\/12\/21\/bus\u2010ticket\u2010seller\u2010duo\u2010busted\u2010for\u2010drug\u2010trafficking\/. [6 January 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"The Star Online.Jobless man caught with 198 kg of drugs.http:\/\/www.thestar.com.my\/news\/nation\/2017\/05\/27\/jobless\u2010man\u2010caught\u2010with\u2010198kg\u2010of\u2010drugs\u2010customs\u2010makes\u2010years\u2010biggest\u2010bust\u2010worth\u2010rm183mil\u2010in\u2010bukit\u2010kayu\/. [9 June 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1992.tb14352.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS10763J","article-title":"Heroin abuse and a gas chromatographic method for determining illicit heroin samples in Singapore","volume":"23","author":"Lim HY","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Heroin in Singapore \u2013 A review","volume":"25","author":"Lim WJL","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clandestine Laboratory Investigating Chemists Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1951.tb13125.x","article-title":"The colorimetric determination of morphine and diamorphine","volume":"3","author":"Stephens RL","year":"1951","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"482","volume-title":"The Quantitative Analysis of Drugs","author":"Garrat DC","year":"1964"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/50.6_ts.714","article-title":"A thin\u2010layer chromatographic screening procedure for detecting drug abuse","volume":"50","author":"Davidow B","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249803800406","article-title":"A 10\u2010year review of drug seizures in Singapore","volume":"38","author":"Lee TK","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","volume-title":"Isolation and Identification of Drugs","author":"Clarke EGC","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"355","volume-title":"Vogel's Textbook of Macro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic Analysis","author":"Svehla G","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90385-0","article-title":"Adulteration of \u201cstreet\u201d heroin with chloroquine","author":"O'Gorman P","year":"1987","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"UNODC.World Drug Report 2009 United Nations New York \u201cCutting agents for heroin in Afghanistan\u201d pp. 61."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2011.592898"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000186192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2012.674978"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01208-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874402800902010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2016.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1639"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08893110410001664927"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b415890n"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230120092698","article-title":"Heroin purity and composition in Sydney, Australia","volume":"20","author":"Mahler L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/18.6.317"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02029331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","unstructured":"HallW RossJ LynskeyM LawM DegenhardtL.How many dependent opioid users are there in Australia? National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre Monograph No 44 2000. ISBN 0 7334 0711 0."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","unstructured":"JiggensJ.Estimating the size of the Australian heroin market: A new method. Paper presented to theSocial Change in the 21stCentury Conference.Centre for Social Change Research Queensland University of Technology 27th October2006."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","first-page":"1226","volume-title":"Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons","author":"Moffat AC","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Handling Narcotic & Drug Cases","author":"Bailey FL","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","unstructured":"BeyerL.Heroin importation in Australia: The views and opinions of law enforcement & narcotics control officers in Australia Hong Kong and Thailand August2004.https:\/\/www.aph.gov.au > DocumentStore. [24 June 2017]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","unstructured":"UNODC.World Drug Report 2016; New York: United Nations;2016."}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.2238","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T10:58:10Z","timestamp":1760439490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.2238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.2238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2238","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]}}}