{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:51:55Z","timestamp":1781887915610,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]],"date-time":"2018-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Keratinous matrices \u2013 hair and nails \u2013 accumulate substances over time and allow retrospective investigation of past consumption. Analysis of these matrices can provide information complementary to blood and urine analysis or can be used as standalone. So far, research has primarily focused on the detection of substances in hair, while studies in nails are scarce. In this study, we assessed concentrations of drugs of abuse and their metabolites in hair, fingernails, and toenails collected from the same individuals to evaluate differences and correlations between matrices. A total of 26 hair, 24 fingernail, and 18 toenail samples were collected. Samples were analysed by a validated liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry method able to simultaneously detect the following compounds: amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine, 3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4\u2010methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, morphine (MOR), codeine (COD), 6\u2010monoacetylmorphine (6\u2010MAM), methadone (MTD), 2\u2010ethylidene\u20101,5\u2010dimethyl\u20103,3\u2010diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), and ecgonine methyl ester (EME). Strong positive correlations between hair, fingernails, and toenails were present for COC, BE, EME, AMP and MDMA. MOR, COD, 6\u2010MAM, MTD and EDDP showed positive trends. Concentrations were generally higher in nails compared to hair. Ratios between parent compounds and their metabolites were assessed for 6\u2010MAM\/MOR, EDDP\/MTD, BE\/COC and EME\/COC. Preliminary cut\u2010off concentrations for COC, BE, EME and AMP in fingernails and toenails were proposed. In light of these results, nails can be considered as a useful alternative to hair for monitoring of long\u2010term drug consumption. However, care should be taken regarding the variability in the accumulation of compounds between the matrices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,9]],"date-time":"2018-01-09T17:28:57Z","timestamp":1515518937000},"page":"1110-1118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Keratinous matrices for the assessment of drugs of abuse consumption: A correlation study between hair and nails"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1290-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Delphine","family":"Cappelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"De Keukeleire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine  Eeklo Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Neels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Been","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"De Doncker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and TDM Laboratory ZNA Stuivenberg Hospital  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Dom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute University of Antwerp  Belgium"},{"name":"Psychiatric Hospital Multiversum  Boechout Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cleo L.","family":"Crunelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel)  Jette Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Covaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.N.","family":"van Nuijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicological Centre University of Antwerp  Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-014-0258-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200404000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.European Drug Report 2017: Trends and Developments. 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