{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:48:22Z","timestamp":1777718902767,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]],"date-time":"2018-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>New psychoactive substances (NPS) are increasingly being seen in forensic casework globally and encompass a number of types of drugs including \u201cdesigner opioids\u201d, especially fentanyl analogues, which are of particular concern due to their high potency and significant risk of toxicity. They are often sold as heroin or mixed with other illicit drugs and therefore users may be unaware they are taking such hazardous compounds. Two fentanyl analogues that have recently been detected are cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl. In order to accurately determine the prevalence of such compounds in clinical and forensic casework, including potential toxicity, they need to be correctly identified using definitive and defensible techniques. Cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl are structural isomers, and it has previously been highlighted that these 2 compounds are analytically difficult to specifically identify owing to their similarity in structure and chromatographic behaviour. To further investigate in an attempt to overcome this problem, analysis of certified reference material using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array UV detection (HPLC\u2013DAD), liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS), and liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time\u2010of\u2010flight\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013QToF\u2013MS) has been performed. Whilst the compounds were shown to have an identical mass\u2010spectral fragmentation pattern, they had different UV spectra. This was coupled with a discernible difference in retention time with the HPLC conditions applied, allowing differentiation of the 2 compounds. Using this approach, cyclopropylfentanyl was positively identified and subsequently quantified in 4 fatalities with the exclusion of crotonylfentanyl.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,26]],"date-time":"2018-05-26T18:08:45Z","timestamp":1527358125000},"page":"1483-1487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["The analytical challenges of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl: An approach for toxicological analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"Maher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alere Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, WR14 3SZ  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-1687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon P.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alere Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, WR14 3SZ  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alere Forensics, Malvern Hills Science Park, Geraldine Road, Malvern, WR14 3SZ  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Early Warning Advisory on new psychoactive substances. https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/LSS\/Page\/NPS. Accessed 22 April2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).World Drug Report 2017 part 4 Market analysis of synthetic drugs Amphetamine\u2010type stimulants new psychoactive substances. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/wdr2017\/field\/Booklet_4_ATSNPS.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).Global SMART Update 17 \u2013 Fentanyl and its analogues 50 years on. March 2017. http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/scientific\/Global_SMART_Update_17_web.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).European Drug Report2017. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/edr2017. Accessed 22 April 2018."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"30484","article-title":"Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: A comprehensive review","volume":"0028","author":"Armenian P","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000465"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx109"},{"issue":"785","key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"European drug users at risk from illicit fentanyls mix","volume":"8","author":"Pichini S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Identification of cyclopropyl fentanyl in biological specimens","volume":"41","author":"Simons B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT) Toxtalk"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).EMCDDA\u2013Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N\u2010phenyl\u2010N\u2010[1\u2010(2\u2010phenylethyl)piperidin\u20104\u2010yl] cyclopropanecarboxamide (cyclopropylfentanyl). February2018. http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/system\/files\/publications\/7926\/20181014_TDAS18001ENN_PDF.pdf. Accessed 22 April 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1576"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1984"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.2417","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T21:55:15Z","timestamp":1760392515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.2417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.2417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2417","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-05-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}