{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:40:21Z","timestamp":1786977621875,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]],"date-time":"2018-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent studies indicate that not only the anthelminthic levamisole but also the racemate tetramisole (\n                    <jats:italic>R\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>S\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    phenyltetraimidazothiazole, PTHIT) was found as an adulterant for cocaine. We herein report on the investigation of the prevalence of PTHIT among cocaine\u2010positive hair samples and the discrimination of the presence of its stereoisomers levamisole and dexamisole. Cocaine\u2010positive hair samples were collected in a forensic context in 2015 and mainly 2017 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0724). Cocaine and PTHIT concentrations have been determined by achiral liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS\/MS). For distinction of levamisole\/dexamisole chiral LC\u2013MS\/MS was performed. Cocaine hair concentrations ranged from 500 (cut\u2010off) to approximately 800 000\u00a0pg\/mg. The study demonstrates a strong prevalence of PTHIT in cocaine users' hair (87%,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0627). PTHIT hair concentrations ranged from below LLOQ 3.5 to approximately 61 000\u00a0pg\/mg (median: 260\u00a0pg\/mg). Surprisingly, enantiomeric ratios of levamisole\/dexamisole ranged from 0.17 to 1.34 (median: 0.63). Therefore, PTHIT\u2010adulterated street cocaine samples (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a024) seized between 2013 and 2016 were tested. Samples mainly contained racemic tetramisole (87.5%), only one sample contained levamisole only and two samples contained non\u2010racemic PTHIT. Our experiments suggest that the presence of tetramisole in biological samples may have hitherto been underestimated. Most probably higher dexamisole than levamisole concentrations in hair specimens arise from stereoselective metabolism and\/or elimination. This is particularly important in light of the different pharmacological activities of the two enantiomers and potentially different adverse effects. Toxicological interpretations in intoxication cases with adulterated cocaine should not only consider levamisole but also tetramisole and terminology in scientific contributions should be used accordingly.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T18:54:24Z","timestamp":1537556064000},"page":"472-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cocaine adulteration with the anthelminthic tetramisole (levamisole\/dexamisole): Long\u2010term monitoring of its intake by chiral LC\u2013MS\/MS analysis of cocaine\u2010positive hair samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6778-1572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena M.","family":"Madry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus R.","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Forensic Hair Analytics Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) \u2010 Europol joint publications. Cocaine \u2010 A European Union perspective in the global context. ISSN.2010;1831\u20104929."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","unstructured":"BoseJ HeddenSL LipariRN Park\u2010LeeE PorterJD PembertonMR.Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration website. Available athttps:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH\u2010FFR1\u20102015\/NSDUH\u2010FFR1\u20102015\/NSDUH\u2010FFR1\u20102015.pdf.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada.Health science research and data Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS): summary 2015. 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