{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T03:19:11Z","timestamp":1788923951857,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]],"date-time":"2018-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cocaine is a common illicit stimulant and is mainly metabolized by hydrolysis to benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), but also to minor metabolites like norcocaine, or hydroxy\u2010BE. When ethanol is present, cocaethylene is formed. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is a minimally invasive microsampling technique with possible advantages for analyte stability and ease of storage, making it an attractive matrix in forensic and clinical settings. We developed a liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry\u2010based (LC\u2013MS\/MS) method for quantifying cocaine, BE, EME, norcocaine, hydroxy\u2010BE, and cocaethylene in DBS. Six\u2010mm punches were extracted with aqueous buffer followed by protein precipitation, evaporation and reconstitution in mobile phase. Separation was achieved on a Polar\u2010RP column (Phenomenex) in a 6\u2010minute gradient including baseline\u2010separation of norcocaine and BE. For MS detection, a QTRAP 5500 (Sciex) was used in positive electrospray ionization (ESI) multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method was validated for selectivity, sensitivity [lower limited of quantification (LLOQ) 1.0\u20135.0\u00a0ng\/mL], imprecision (\u226413.4%, \u226419.6% at LLOQ), accuracy (\u2264\u00a0\u00b1\u00a014.9%), matrix effects, extraction efficiency (\u226520.9%), hematocrit effect, volume spotted, punch location, long\u2010term and autosampler stability. Concentrations in DBS from a controlled cocaine administration study in healthy volunteers were compared to whole blood and plasma. Although concentrations correlated moderately to strongly (Spearman's \u03c1 0.603\u20130.958), agreement between paired samples was poor, with overestimation of DBS concentrations and wide confidence intervals in Bland\u2013Altman analysis. A possible cause are differences in capillary and venous blood concentrations, with the underlying mechanism requiring further research before DBS analysis for cocaine and its metabolites can be considered equivalent to whole blood or plasma analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,31]],"date-time":"2018-10-31T09:43:09Z","timestamp":1540978989000},"page":"709-720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Quantification of cocaine and cocaine metabolites in dried blood spots from a controlled administration study using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Ambach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Toxicology Ghent University  Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor","family":"Menzies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health &amp; Environmental Sciences Drug Control Centre King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health &amp; Environmental Sciences Drug Control Centre King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kicman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health &amp; Environmental Sciences Drug Control Centre King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.H.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul I.","family":"Dargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Stove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Toxicology Ghent University  Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"EMCDDA.\u2009European Drug Report 2017: Trends and Developments. 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