{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:44:18Z","timestamp":1769521458944,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The disposition of drugs and their metabolites have been extensively described in the literature, based primarily on the analysis of plasma and urine. However, there are more limited data on their disposition in whole blood, which is often the only specimen available in forensic investigations and cases of driving under the influence of drugs. In this study, we have, for the first time, established pharmacokinetic properties of cocaine (COC) and its metabolites from concurrently collected whole blood and plasma samples, following a single 100\u00a0mg dose of cocaine hydrochloride administered via nasal insufflation to seven healthy volunteers. The median C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> of COC and its major metabolites, benzoylecgonine (BZE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), were closely related in whole blood and plasma. The median C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> for COC in plasma was 379.7\u00a0ng\/mL (347.5\u2013517.7) and 344.24\u00a0ng\/mL (271.6\u2013583.2) in whole blood. The median C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> for BZE in plasma was 441.2\u00a0ng\/mL (393.6\u2013475. and 371.18\u00a0ng\/mL (371.1\u2013477.3) in whole blood, EME was 105.5\u00a0ng\/mL (93.6\u2013151.8) in plasma and 135.5\u00a0ng\/mL (87.8\u2013183) in whole blood. Calculated medians of the whole blood to plasma ratio of COC (0.76), BZE (0.98) and EME (1.02) of approximately 1, strongly suggesting that the erythrocyte cell wall presents no barrier to COC and its metabolites. Furthermore, whole blood and plasma concentrations of COC were strongly correlated (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.0914 <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.956, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), as was BZE (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.0932 <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.965, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and EME (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.0964<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.928, p\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). The minor oxidative metabolite norcocaine (NCOC) was detected in both whole blood and plasma at concentrations between 1 and 5\u00a0ng\/mL within 60\u2013180\u00a0minutes, suggesting that NCOC could be indicator of recent COC administration. Data from this study have shown for the first time that COC and its metabolites BZE and EME are evenly distributed between plasma and whole blood following controlled single\u2010dose intranasal COC administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,31]],"date-time":"2019-05-31T13:59:10Z","timestamp":1559311150000},"page":"1419-1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in whole blood and plasma following a single dose, controlled administration of intranasal cocaine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-8150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor L.","family":"Menzies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2880-9333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John R.H.","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London St Thomas' Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul I.","family":"Dargan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London St Thomas' Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Toxicology Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"},{"name":"Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London St Thomas' Hospital  London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin A.","family":"Braithwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alere Forensics Malvern Hills Science Park  Malvern Worcestershire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Kicman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine King's College London  UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)08737-9","article-title":"Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking","volume":"17","author":"Jeffcoat AR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Drug Metab 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