{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:42:27Z","timestamp":1793371347276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]],"date-time":"2020-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>On\u2010scene drug detection is an increasingly significant challenge due to the fast\u2010changing drug market as well as the risk of exposure to potent drug substances. Conventional colorimetric cocaine tests involve handling of the unknown material and are prone to false\u2010positive reactions on common pharmaceuticals used as cutting agents. This study demonstrates the novel application of 740\u20131070 nm small\u2010wavelength\u2010range near\u2010infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to confidently detect cocaine in case samples. Multistage machine learning algorithms are used to exploit the limited spectral features and predict not only the presence of cocaine but also the concentration and sample composition. A model based on more than 10,000 spectra from case samples yielded 97% true\u2010positive and 98% true\u2010negative results. The practical applicability is shown in more than 100 case samples not included in the model design. One of the most exciting aspects of this on\u2010scene approach is that the model can almost instantly adapt to changes in the illicit\u2010drug market by updating metadata with results from subsequent confirmatory laboratory analyses. These results demonstrate that advanced machine learning strategies applied on limited\u2010range NIR spectra from economic handheld sensors can be a valuable procedure for rapid on\u2010site detection of illicit substances by investigating officers. In addition to forensics, this interesting approach could be beneficial for screening and classification applications in the pharmaceutical, food\u2010safety, and environmental domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T02:54:19Z","timestamp":1594176859000},"page":"1404-1418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Rapid and robust on\u2010scene detection of cocaine in street samples using a handheld near\u2010infrared spectrometer and machine learning algorithms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben F.","family":"Kranenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5862-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshka","family":"Verduin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam, Forensic Laboratory  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-6588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Weesepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research part of Wageningen University and Research  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Alewijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research part of Wageningen University and Research  Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Heerschop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Customs Laboratory  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ger","family":"Koomen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Customs Laboratory  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Keizers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fionn","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)  Den Haag the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"van Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)  Den Haag the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Hulsbergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)  Den Haag the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5392-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arian C.","family":"van Asten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) World Drug Report 2019 (United Nations publication Sales No. E.19.XI.8)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"National Drug Monitor jaarbericht.2019(Trimbos\u2010Instituut AF1643)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","volume-title":"Trends and Developments","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, European Drug Report","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.323"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1954"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-811410-0.00022-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"UNODC Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Cocaine in Seized Materials ST\/NAR\/7\/REV.1 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons","author":"Moffat AC","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2300"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b00876"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Publications Office of the European Union","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and Europol, EU Drug Markets Report","year":"2019","journal-title":"Luxembourg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14614"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Scientific Working Group for the Analysis of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) Recommendations version 8.0 13 June 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY02169J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b00204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.02.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2017892"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2005.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2019.03.091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1283-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2019.109911"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2020.100225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.03.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2016.12.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2019.1701004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.3184"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","article-title":"Differentiating smokers and nonsmokers based on Raman spectroscopy of oral fluid and advanced statistics for forensic applications","volume":"13","author":"Al\u2010Hetlani E","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biophotonics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"Core Team","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","unstructured":"StevensA Ramirez\u2010LopezL.An introduction to the prospectr package.2020. R Package Vignette R Package Version 0.2.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"Signal developers 2013.signal: Signal processing. URL:http:\/\/r-forge.r-project.org\/projects\/signal\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"KuhnM.Caret: classification and regression training.2020. R Package Version 6.0\u201385.https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=caret"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2016.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.11.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"91010O","volume-title":"Next\u2010Generation Spectroscopic Technologies VII","author":"Pederson CG","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fdta.2895","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2895","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.2895","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:20:15Z","timestamp":1760401215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.2895"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.2895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2895","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}