{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:13:08Z","timestamp":1781521988734,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]],"date-time":"2020-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tramadol is a synthetic opioid drug used in the treatment of chronic and acute pain. An abnormal prevalence of its misuse in elite sport to overcome pain resulting from prolonged physical effort was recently reported. However, besides its antinociceptive effects, tramadol consumption is associated with negative effects such as numbness, confusion, and reduced alertness. This fact prompted the Union Cycliste Internationale to ban the use of tramadol in cycling competitions. Herein, we present the development of a dried blood spot (DBS) sample collection and preparation method followed by a liquid\u2010chromatography mass spectrometry (LC\u2010MS) analysis to rapidly determine the presence of tramadol and its two main metabolites in blood samples. The detection window of each analyte was evaluated and the analysis of performance on various MS platforms (HRMS and MS\/MS) was assessed. Tramadol and its two main metabolites were detected up to 12 h after the intake of a single dose of 50 mg of tramadol in positive controls. In professional cycling competitions, 711 DBS samples collected from 361 different riders were analysed using the developed methodology, but all returned negative results (absence of parent and both metabolite compounds). In the context of professional cycling, we illustrate a valid method bringing together the easiness of collection and minimal sample preparation required by DBS, yet affording the performance standards of MS determination. The proposed method to detect tramadol and its metabolites was successfully implemented in cycling races with a probable strong deterrent effect.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T10:34:33Z","timestamp":1598610873000},"page":"1649-1657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Is pain temporary and glory forever? Detection of tramadol using dried blood spot in cycling competitions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0388-1352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Salamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Expertise in Anti\u2010Doping Sciences \u2010 REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical and Metabolomic Analyses Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategic and Executive Direction Cycling Anti\u2010Doping Foundation (CADF)  Aigle Switzerland"},{"name":"Testing Department French Anti\u2010Doping Organisation (AFLD)  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bigard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI)  Aigle Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"D\u00e9glon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Unit CURML, Lausanne University Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva 14 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Daali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Geneva University Hospitals  Geneva 14 Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6029-9516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Faiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Expertise in Anti\u2010Doping Sciences \u2010 REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martial","family":"Saugy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Research and Expertise in Anti\u2010Doping Sciences \u2010 REDs, Institute of Sport Sciences University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Rudaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland University of Geneva, University Medical Centre  Geneva 4 Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical and Metabolomic Analyses Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology  Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443130-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0268-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.10.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2575"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1849"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","unstructured":"USADA.Tramadol: why some athletes and experts want it banned in sport|USADA.2017. Available at:https:\/\/www.usada.org\/spirit-of-sport\/education\/tramadol-why-some-athletes-and-anti-doping-experts-want-it-banned\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2804"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002217"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","unstructured":"UCI.Tramadol ban: all you need to know.2019. Available at:https:\/\/www.uci.org\/inside-uci\/press-releases\/tramadol-ban-all-you-need-to-know"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"UCI.Cycling Regulations Medical Rules Part 13.2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21441"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4533"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650500514434"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2012.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2018.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Ein Verfahren zur Mikrobestimmung von Blutbestandteilen","author":"Bang I","year":"1913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"WADA.WADA leads exciting collaboration on dried\u2010blood\u2010spot testing (3 October 2019).2019. 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