{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:55:47Z","timestamp":1792068947127,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The detection of clostebol misuse in sports has been growing recently, especially in Italy, due to the ample availability of pharmaceutical formulations containing clostebol acetate (Trofodermin\u00ae) and the use of more sensitive instrumentation by the antidoping laboratories. Most of these cases have been claimed to be related to a nonconscious use of the drug or through contact with relatives or teammates using it. We have investigated, through the application of the well\u2010known and currently used gas chromatographic mass spectrometric procedures, the likelihood of these allegations and have demonstrated that after a single transdermal administration of 5 mg of clostebol acetate and a transient contact with the application area, it is possible to generate adverse analytical findings in antidoping controls. We have reviewed the Phase I and Phase II clostebol metabolism in order to generate evidences that may help the sport authorities reviewing these cases. The main clostebol metabolite (4\u2010chloro\u2010androst\u20104\u2010en\u20103\u03b1\u2010ol\u201017\u2010one, M1) generally used at the screening level as well as other three metabolites (M2\u2013M4) are mainly excreted as glucuronides, whereas M5 (4\u03b6\u2010chloro\u20105\u03b6\u2010androstan\u20103\u03b2\u2010ol\u201017\u2010one) is predominantly excreted as sulfate. Neither the 5\u03b1\u2010reductases activity (impaired by the presence of the chlorine in C4) nor specific sulfotransferases present in the skin allowed a clear distinction of the administration route. Studies with a larger number of volunteers and probably investigating another physiological fluid allowed in antidoping such as blood are needed for a deeper investigation. It is not unreasonable to establish a reporting level for M1, maybe creating some false negatives but excluding nonintentional doping scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T15:18:39Z","timestamp":1603984719000},"page":"1561-1569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Detection of clostebol in sports: Accidental doping?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Colamonici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Iannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Jardines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Molaioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5296-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Botr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Antidoping Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference","author":"Brayfield A","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(93)80275-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"WADA.The World Anti\u2010Doping Code\u2010 Internatinal Standard. Prohibited List January2020.https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/wada_2020english_prohibited_list_0.pdf. Published 2020. Accessed May 19 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2670(93)80274-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/42.7.1001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.5.973"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3517"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2003.022210"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","unstructured":"Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco A.Foglio illustrativo: informazioni per l'utilizzatore Trofodermin 5 mg\/ml + 5 mg\/ml spray cutaneo sospensione.https:\/\/farmaci.agenziafarmaco.gov.it\/aifa\/servlet\/PdfDownloadServlet?pdfFileName=footer_000143_020942_FI.pdf&retry=0&sys=m0b1l3. Published2016. Accessed July 7 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7070.1448a"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","unstructured":"WADA.Technical document; TD2018EAAS\u2010 endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids measurement and reporting.https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/en\/resources\/science-medicine\/td2018eaas-0. Published2018. Accessed May 3 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2019.108491"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"D.M. 24 settembre 2003 Modalit\u00e0 di attuazione delle disposizioni contenute nell'art 7 della legge 14 dicembre 2000 n\u00b0 376 recante \u201cDisciplina della tuttela sanitaria delle attivit\u00e0 sportive de della lotta contro al doping\u201d (GU n. 257 del 5\u201011\u20102003).2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","unstructured":"WADA.Technical document; TD2013MRPL\u2014minimim required performance levels for detection and identification of non\u2010threshold substances.https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/WADA-TD2013MRPL-Minimum-Required-Performance-Levels-v1-2012-EN.pdf. Published2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","unstructured":"WADA.2018 anti\u2010doping testing figures.https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/2018_testing_figures_report.pdf. Published2018. Accessed March 25 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"405","volume-title":"Testosterone Action, Deficiency, Substitution","author":"Behre HM","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Recent Advances in Doping Analysis","author":"Geyer H","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0218"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3643"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209376"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M055608"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2020.122280"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2469"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","unstructured":"WADA.The World Anti\u2010Doping Code\u2010International Standard for Laboratories.https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/isl_nov2019.pdf. Published2019. Accessed March 25 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","first-page":"117","volume-title":"Blood Samples in Doping Control","author":"Debruyckere G","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Support Publ 2019 16 5 Report for 2017 on the results from the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues and other substances in live animals and animal products","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1578"}],"container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2951","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/dta.2951","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/dta.2951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T19:44:39Z","timestamp":1760384679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/dta.2951"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/dta.2951"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.2951","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1942-7603","1942-7611"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1942-7603","type":"print"},{"value":"1942-7611","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}