{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T03:00:33Z","timestamp":1790823633984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Testing and Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Handheld Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique for rapid on\u2010site detection of drugs of abuse. Most devices are developed for on\u2010scene operation with a user interface that only shows whether cocaine has been detected. Extensive validation studies are unavailable, and so are typically the insight in raw spectral data and the identification criteria. This work evaluates the performance of a commercial handheld Raman spectrometer for cocaine detection based on (i) its performance on 0\u2013100\u00a0wt% binary cocaine mixtures, (ii) retrospective comparison of 3,168 case samples from 2015 to 2020 analyzed by both gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) and Raman, (iii) assessment of spectral selectivity, and (iv) comparison of the instrument's on\u2010screen results with combined partial least square regression (PLS\u2010R) and discriminant analysis (PLS\u2010DA) models. The limit of detection was dependent on sample composition and varied between 10 wt% and 40 wt% cocaine. Because the average cocaine content in street samples is well above this limit, a 97.5% true positive rate was observed in case samples. No cocaine false positives were reported, although 12.5% of the negative samples were initially reported as inconclusive by the built\u2010in software. The spectral assessment showed high selectivity for Raman peaks at 1,712 (cocaine base) and 1,716\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    (cocaine HCl). Combined PLS\u2010R and PLS\u2010DA models using these features confirmed and further improved instrument performance. This study scientifically assessed the performance of a commercial Raman spectrometer, providing useful insight on its applicability for both presumptive detection and legally valid evidence of cocaine presence for law enforcement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T08:28:08Z","timestamp":1608798488000},"page":"1054-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Performance evaluation of handheld Raman spectroscopy for cocaine detection in forensic case samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1472-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben F.","family":"Kranenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Laboratory Dutch National Police, Unit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular 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Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Alewijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen Food Safety Research Wageningen University and Research  Wageningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Heerschop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch Customs Laboratory  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2421-1067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter H.J.","family":"Keizers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"van Esch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI)  The Hague The 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